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通讯:“活着的古镇”里听锣鼓书声声

2016-04-29 20:31:26   

中新社上海4月29日电 题:“活着的古镇”里听锣鼓书声声

作者 邹瑞玥 郁玫

75岁的谈敬德是国家级非物质文化遗产保护项目“锣鼓书”的传承人,也是土生土长的上海浦东新场人。走在新场大街上,不时有小店的老板和骑车而过的居民热情地跟他打招呼、话家常,人们都知道他是锣鼓书的“保护神”。

“锣鼓书,旧称‘太保书’,是说唱民间传说、历史故事的一种乡土艺术形式。”谈敬德对中新社记者娓娓道来。锣鼓书发源于上海南汇,是上海最古老的民间曲艺之一,也是上海第一个获批的国家级非物质文化遗产。“锣鼓书的表演艺术非常丰富,有‘说、表、唱、做、自击鼓;手、眼、身、法、步加舞’的艺诀。表演方面则有帽子功、扇子功等。”

和大多数非遗一样,锣鼓书也面临着严峻的生存状态。在上海这个大都市里,新场古镇成为为数不多的保存锣鼓书的地方。

如果说其他古镇游览的是一条老街的话,那么,在新场游览的就是整个老镇。新场因盐而成、因盐而兴。下沙盐场南迁要建新的盐场,而得名“新场”,沿用至今。被盐“保鲜”了1300多年,老镇的古建筑不但多,而且还保存得好。大多数新场老宅仍然生活着上海的原住民,剃头的、修伞的、磨刀的……上海都市里早已消失的手艺在这里依然生意兴旺,是为数不多的“活着的古镇”。

“随着老一辈艺人相继去世,锣鼓书中的‘说、表、唱、做、击’等传统技艺已徘徊在消失的边缘。”谈敬德无奈地说,现今能表演锣鼓书的艺人已寥寥无几,“十年前锣鼓书刚入选非遗时,老的说书艺人还有不少,现在只剩下20来个了”。

从自己唱到普及再到传授锣鼓书,75岁的谈敬德坚守了几十年。从上世纪六十年代起,谈敬德就开始走访老艺人,整理、挖掘、挽救了《月令儿》《东乡镗锣》等30多个古曲调、100多首曲目。他还编写了《上海锣鼓书》《锣鼓书》《琵琶艺术(浦东派)》《新场镇非物质文化》《新场非遗续集》等作品。

2006年锣鼓书成功申遗,谈敬德和同事又发展了6个培训基地,为二十多所中小学音乐教师培训锣鼓书音乐唱腔,并专为4个培训基地表演队面授技艺。现在,新场有幼儿园锣鼓书表演队,小学和中学都有锣鼓书传承基地,也出了不少佳作。

他还想出在锣鼓书的音乐上做文章。在刚刚结束的新场桃花节上,谈敬德尝试在锣鼓书的音乐中结合爵士乐的节奏,演出效果非常好。

令他忧心的是,锣鼓书正逐渐从人们的生活中淡出。“以前,新场有十六七家书场,现在全关门了。听的人少了,唱的人也少了,锣鼓书可不能成为绝唱啊!”

锣鼓书演出的技巧到底还相对简单,一般人学习三个月就能大概掌握,但是要学习锣鼓书的创作就没那么容易了。谈敬德告诉中新社记者,能给锣鼓书编词作曲的人,现在全上海大概就剩两个了。

除了锣鼓书,新场还有浦东派琵琶、江南丝竹、土布织染、卖盐茶、灶花等非物质文化遗产,其中锣鼓书和浦东派琵琶都已入选国家级非物质文化遗产。

谈敬德说,现在上海非遗传承重视“生产性保护”,首先应该把演出的传统在“活着的古镇”新场恢复起来。

与浦东的其他古镇一样,距离迪士尼度假村十公里的新场同样面临着全球性市场与文化的挑战。在谈敬德看来,历史环境中一旦失去长期生活其中的居民,也就失去了其依附生存的真实的“生活世界”。生活在新场的原住民,和了解新场文化的人们,构成了这座古镇别具一格的景观。(完)

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