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天坛入遗已经18年 仍有1200米坛墙无法修缮(图)

2016-04-26 09:55:54   北京晚报

修缮前的北神厨

修缮后的北神厨

天坛是我国现存最大的祭天建筑群,也是唯一完整保存下来的皇家祭坛。从1998年12月天坛被正式列入《世界遗产名录》算起,已经过去了18年,目前距离我们向国际承诺收回被占坛域、实现完整天坛的最后期限仅剩14年时间。

2015年11月6日,经过两年大修和精心准备,天坛北神厨、北宰牲亭建筑群对游客开放,这是该建筑群30年来首次全面开放。从1995年天坛修缮外坛墙开始,天坛完成祈年殿、圜丘、皇穹宇建筑群以及斋宫、神乐署等建筑修缮保护,天坛内现存主要建筑已经基本修缮一遍。

申遗取得成功18年来,天坛公园严格按照《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》要求认真履行缔约国在申报世界遗产时的承诺,在文物古建修缮保护和利用方面做了大量工作。

待解难题

单位居民长期倚墙占坛

1200米坛墙至今无法修缮

北京天坛坛域273公顷,历史上天坛的坛墙分内外两道,从空中看是一个“回”字形,南面坛墙转角是直角,北面坛墙转角呈现圆弧状,体现古人“天圆地方”的宇宙观,具有特殊的象征意义。

从民国时起,由于一些单位陆续占据了外坛,天坛坛墙倾颓侵蚀、破败不堪,东、南外坛墙缺失,“天圆地方”格局和文化寓意被人为切断, 原有生态景观氛围遭到损毁,被占压的坛域遗迹安全受到威胁,天坛物质空间和文化意义上的完整性受到破坏。为恢复天坛坛墙原貌,1995年公园开始按原形制对东北外坛坛墙进行复建,2000年修缮北外坛墙西段,2003年,北京市及崇文区政府联合对南中轴路进行整治,拆除祈谷坛门南平房,复建西南外坛坛墙。经过三次修缮,外坛坛墙已恢复3000余米。在修外坛墙的同时,天坛从2003年开始分三个阶段修缮内坛墙。目前内坛墙已修缮恢复了2900多米,内外坛墙共恢复近6000米,并完成了祈谷坛门、东天门、西天门、北天门、成贞门、昭亨门、圜丘坛门共7座坛门修缮。然而,由于外部因素制约,天坛仍有1200米坛墙至今无法修缮。

厕所倚墙而建尿碱侵蚀

部分坛墙有倾颓危险

由于天坛在城市建设过程中被多次挤占,历史上形成周边居民区、单位倚墙设施较多,严重影响文物安全,为文物修缮维护工作造成很大的障碍。目前存在问题比较严重的是西北外坛墙和天坛南内坛墙一线。其中西北外坛墙的内外地势存在落差,在公园里面的地面比公园外面要高出2米左右。由于墙外被某单位长期占用,影响了修缮工程进行。另外,这里还有一个厕所倚墙而建,造成坛墙无法正常修缮,风蚀日剥再加上尿碱侵蚀,墙体灰缝剥落,城砖风化,对文物本体保护形成极大隐患。再有天坛南内坛墙一线多为居家住户,倚坛墙私搭乱建,甚至有的居民索性就地起房,把坛墙当成自家房屋的后山墙加以“利用”。由于屋顶前高后低,到了雨季,房顶雨水直接向墙体排放,对墙体破坏十分严重,坛墙墙体有的已经出现明显裂缝,安全隐患突出。目前总体来看,天坛南内坛墙有些墙段墙帽整体倾颓,坛墙顶部土心裸露,杂草丛生,甚至墙顶滋生出杂树,旁逸斜出的树根从墙体内部挤压造成墙体变形、开裂。

责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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