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史料中的假药和疫苗风波:民国的北京曾假药横行

2016-04-01 15:33:15   北京晚报

  当时的大小药铺都存在欺骗顾客的情况,所不同的是,大字号重在“欺”,小字号重在“骗”。

  大字号不讲商德,买卖越大,气焰越大。“从先同仁堂药铺,就犯这宗毛病”。东四牌楼某药铺,恶习之大,名震四九城,“那份挑眉立目,摇头撇嘴,待理不理、直狂的邪行”,令那些买药的顾客深受其辱;小字号呢,“只知获利,不管害人,实在可怕”!

  不知道看了这些真实的历史记录,那些天天把《大宅门》当正史看的民国粉儿们,能不能对我们的国民性有个清醒的再认识。

  “麻黄奇案”原是假药所致

  在堪称“清代历史百科全书”的笔记《清稗类钞》中,有一则“伪药致误”,活脱脱地写出了清末假药盛行、庸医误人的真相。

  有位姓金的先生,擅长医术,“作剂宗法东垣,审药尤严,逐味拣之”。他自谓一生谨慎,但是依然发生了好几次差点治不好病险些要命的“医疗事故”。有一次,一家五岁的小孩患肺病,他诊断后开方,先是用三分麻黄,患儿用后,病情没有任何缓解,金大夫觉得很奇怪,第二剂药把麻黄的量提至五分,患儿的病情依然不见改善,金良玉咬着后槽牙,把剂量提至七分,谁知患儿刚刚把药服下,“效果”就出来了——“额汗如珠,脉亦欲脱矣”。一见要出人命,金先生吓坏了,“急以人参五味止之,糁以牡蛎、龙骨”,这才把孩子救了过来。金先生十分纳闷,为何孩子对前两剂麻黄的“耐药量”如此之大?而第三剂麻黄又差点要了孩子命?仔细查访后才明白,前面两剂的麻黄都是假货,第三剂倒是真麻黄,“不觉已过重矣”!

  不久之后,某个店里的伙计患水肿病,金先生开方,“以十枣汤逐之”,结果伙计饮下后,毫无效验,金先生“因鉴前辙,索药验之,朽败绝无气味,命赴他店易之,一剂而愈”。

  这是假药,还有庸医,相比之下,假药是可恨可恶,庸医是可恨可笑。有个人身体很弱,偶尔生病,请了个庸医,庸医直接开了麻黄二两,身体虚弱的病人吃完如此重剂量的发散药,“汗出不止而死”。 人们谴责庸医害人,这货居然理直气壮地说:“医书上说‘麻黄不宜轻用’,所以我一下子给病人开了二两,不就是‘重用’吗?”听起来形同笑话。

  还有一起案子,则属于用药错误导致的悲剧。有个姓张的人开了个医馆,兼卖药。有一天,张某有事外出,让伙计守着店铺,那伙计忽然内急,要上厕所,恰好有个过去在这家医馆打工的学徒来串门,伙计就让他临时看一下柜台,方便完了回来问道:“有来买药的吗?”学徒说:“有人来买旋覆代赭汤一剂(中医方剂名,为理气剂,具有降逆化痰,益气和胃之功效),我已经给他了。”伙计有点不放心,把药材点检了一下,大吃一惊:“代赭石这味药,你是从橱柜顶取出的吗?”学徒说是,伙计吓得差点坐在地上:“那不是代赭石,是色泽相近的红信石(中药材,其加工制品为砒霜),我就怕有孩子来店里玩儿的时候不小心拿到,才放到橱柜的顶部,谁想到你竟然当代赭石卖出去了!你赶紧追上去,不要告诉那买药的人实情,就说药材不好,要换一下。”

  学徒一听也吓坏了,赶紧去追,估计时间来得及,谁知追到村口,“忽邻有猛犬逐而噬”,学徒害怕,居然折返回到店里,伙计气急败坏,亲自去村子里,刚刚到村口,“则哭声盈耳矣”……官府调查此案,“以药渣验视之,则诸药均已白烂,信石尚宛然”,于是以过失杀人罪治罪于学徒,而医馆的张老板也从此破产。

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