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“威尼斯与威尼斯画派”在京展出 73件作品首次来华

2016-03-27 09:36:29   京华时报

威尼斯地区的绘画是意大利艺术史上浓墨重彩的部分,而其中最华美的乐章无疑是完美诠释人文主义精神的威尼斯画派,可以说是文艺复兴在绘画领域的一大成果。

提起该画派,让人们首先想到的是恬静优美的风景、提香笔下偏于世俗的女神以及各类宗教题材画。但看了此次展览后,观众会发现,威尼斯画派留下的远远不止于这些。

威尼斯画派最杰出的艺术家当属“威尼斯画派三杰”——提香、丁托列托和委罗内塞。从展出作品可以看到,提香的绘画对于色彩的运用是兼容感性与理性,他把油画的色彩、造型和笔触的运用推进到新的阶段,并善于描绘出人物的内心世界;丁托列托的绘画则带有巴洛克色,突出强烈的运动感,且色彩富丽奇幻,他将佛罗伦萨手法主义的两种趋向——反古典倾向与优美雅致倾向合二为一,还善于通过多视点强化透视效果,常常打破传统图式而营造出具有戏剧化效果的构图;而委罗内塞的绘画风格显示出其对优雅、华丽和辉煌外观的喜爱,充满世俗生活情趣、偏重装饰趣味,在写实的基础上,以豪华的场面、众多的人物和华丽的色彩取胜。

在意方策展人看来,相比意大利其它地区,威尼斯艺术家作品的特点更为明显。“因为这座城市处于水面之上,日光下奇妙的光线变化影响了艺术家们对事物的观察”。他指出,在这一地区艺术家的作品中,“特别注重对于光线和颜色的描绘,如画一片叶子时,会关注到它的颜色和光影”。他认为威尼斯画派的突出贡献在于将光和色彩完美结合,“这一点很了不起,如果没有威尼斯画派在这方面的贡献,几个世纪后的印象派绘画就不会出现了”。

 作品解读

  《药剂师》

这幅画作于18世纪,画家为彼得罗·隆吉。画面描绘的是一家药铺,药剂师正在给一女贵族查看口腔,属于当时一幅典型的风俗画。中国国家画院研究员王鲁湘说,乍一看似乎没什么特别之处,但仔细观察“会发现这家药铺的药罐子很特别,全都是来自中国的外销瓷器”。据他考证,《药剂师》是最早出现中国瓷器的西方名画,“通过这件作品可以看出东方文化对于当时威尼斯社会的影响”。

 《安德烈·维萨里的肖像》

这是威尼斯画派代表画家提香带来4件重要人物肖像作品之一,王鲁湘说,“《安德烈·维萨里的肖像》不仅体现了提香描绘肖像画的功力,值得注意的是,画中主角是伟大的生物学家、近代人体解剖学的创始人,他的成就与哥白尼一样对人类发展做出了巨大的贡献”。

 《丽达与天鹅》

这件作品取材于希腊神话,宙斯变成天鹅引诱王后,之后产下两个双黄蛋,孵出两男两女,其中包括引发特洛伊战争的美女海伦。这件作品突破常规,大胆构图,色彩富丽奇幻,为表现王后的肤质与曲线,画家不惜以大面积的背景布加以衬托。该画为丁托列托的代表作,他曾在提香画室学画,他的作品大多气氛紧张,节奏急速。

 《圣母与圣婴在两位圣徒间》

  这是活跃于16世纪上半叶维托雷·贝利尼亚诺的作品,现藏于威尼斯科雷尔博物馆。王鲁湘认为,《圣母与圣婴在两位圣徒间》是宗教题材作品中去“神性”的代表作。“以往的宗教题材画非常严肃、人物神情呆滞,而这一件更具人间温情,画中人物关系被画家处理得像是世俗生活中温馨的一家人”。

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