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拓跋焘信道教大举灭佛 系佛教在中国第一次大劫难

2016-03-24 09:20:34   扬子晚报

但是有一个人极力支持,他就是跋拓焘的第一谋臣——44岁的崔浩。崔浩是汉人,不喜欢“舶来品”佛教,他想借助寇谦之,让道教在北方生根发芽、四处开花,从而能让鲜卑人全面汉化。

崔浩上书,先称赞太武帝圣德清明,再捧寇谦之是当世的神仙,莅临魏国,是上天的吉兆。

拓跋焘勉强听从了崔浩的话,派人把这个“天师”接到宫中。

拓跋焘准备伐夏时,朝中一片反对之声,寇谦之和崔浩却是举双手双脚赞成,说一定凯旋,最终拓跋焘大胜而归。此后寇谦之的嘴都很灵,成了“预言帝”。

拓跋焘终于对“道长”刮目相看,“活神仙”就在眼前啊。于是在全国开始推广新的精神武器——道教,并为寇谦之师徒在京城东南修建了五层高的道坛,里面住着120名道士,朝廷供给衣食。每月举行一次集会,有几千人参加,由国家全额拨款。

当时信佛的人相当多,北魏一直在四处征战,兵源不足。于是在438年,拓跋焘下诏命令50岁以下的僧人全部还俗,并有参军的义务;两年后,又根据寇谦之的建议,拓跋焘把北魏的年号改为“太平真君”,开始笃信道教。

又过了四年,拓跋焘下诏限制佛教,称佛教为“虚诞”、“妖孽”。规定不论是王公还是普通人,禁止私养僧人,并限期交出私匿的僧人,如果有隐瞒,诛灭全门。

  拓跋焘下令灭佛

就在佛教已是摇摇欲坠时,一件意外的事情发生了。

445年,一个叫盖吴的人在杏城(今属陕西)聚众反魏,有10多万人,还向南朝宋投降,动静闹得非常大,拓跋焘使出吃奶的劲,花了一年左右时间,才把起义镇压了下去。

期间,拓跋焘带兵到长安,看到一座佛寺里面种小麦。他和一批人在寺中休息,让马吃麦子。寺中僧人招待他们吃饭,一些士兵在寺里随便转转,突然发现寺中藏有大量兵器。士兵大惊,立即向拓跋焘汇报。

拓跋焘极其愤怒,说:这些人肯定是盖吴的同谋。

他下令把寺中僧人全部逮捕,随后在寺里挖地三尺,全面搜查。结果让所有人目瞪口呆,寺里藏有大量金银财宝,酿酒的器具。还有僧人和当地官员来往的记录,以及官员们藏在寺中的家产。

更可怕的是,寺里有多重密室,经过审讯,僧人们承认:他们和当地贵族妇女在密室里长期淫乱。

拓跋焘感到匪夷所思,觉得自己像个傻瓜,被佛教蒙骗了许多年,当即下令:把寺中僧人全部诛杀。

崔浩趁机劝说灭佛,拓跋焘随后下诏:所有寺庙、佛像全部毁坏、焚烧;凡是有祭拜佛和制作佛像的,满门抄斩;僧人不论年长年幼,全部活埋。

中国佛教史上有著名的“三武一宗”之难,指:太武帝拓跋焘、北周武帝宇文邕、唐武宗李炎、五代后周世宗柴荣。拓跋焘排第一个。

当时太子拓跋晃一心向佛,屡次劝说,拓跋焘不听。拓跋晃偷偷地推迟了发放诏书的时间,因此大批和尚、尼姑狂奔逃跑,保住了性命,但佛寺都被夷为平地。

寇谦之是道教掌门,但他认为世界观允许多元化,道、佛可以和平共处。同时佛教影响深远,灭佛过于激烈会引起“江湖血雨腥风”。拓跋焘置若罔闻。

寇谦之渐渐心灰意冷,当时跋拓焘为他修建了“静轮天宫”,想登上此宫和天神交流,由于“天宫”太高,所以工程无比浩大,建了18年都没有完工,花钱如流水,遭到太子及无数大臣的反对。寇谦之想到自己已经80岁了,而弟子中也没有能“扛大梁”的人才,对未来失去信心。有一天他对弟子们说:我活着的时候,你们可以得到荣华富贵,我一旦死了,这“静轮天宫”真难建成啊,你们的好日子一去不复返了。

在灭佛的三年后,也就是448年,他患病去世,活了83岁。他的弟子都庸庸碌碌。过了两年,太武帝迫于压力,下令拆除“静轮天宫”。

在这场大规模运动中,只有崔浩跳得最起劲,寇谦之屡屡劝说他做事不要太绝,否则不得好死啊。

崔浩当耳边风。那么他究竟是什么样的人呢?

扬子晚报记者 杨民仆

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