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文人笔下的北京春天:郁达夫冰心叹“春脖子短”

2016-03-22 09:04:41   北京晚报

民国时期的中山公园

对风沙爱恨交加

北京的春不仅短,而且还时时受到“冬”的干扰。周作人写道:“有一天看见湖上冰软了,我的心顿然欢喜,说:‘春天来了!’当天夜里,北风又卷起漫天匝地的黄沙,忿怒地扑着我的窗户,把我心中的春意又吹得四散。有一天看见柳梢嫩黄了,那天的下午,又不住地下着不成雪的冷雨,黄昏时节,严冬的衣服,又披上了身。”

除此之外,风沙也是当年北京春天最常见的特征。当代学者曹太渊曾在《老北平的风沙和雾霾》中提到:“老北平们都熟悉这句话:‘风三儿,风三儿,一刮三天儿。’那时候冬、春季节刮起风来,往往就要连续三天才肯作罢。夹杂着沙尘的七、八级大风很常见。”

在《北平》中李健吾说:“灰色是北平的风沙。它给你带来漠北的呼吸,骆驼的铃铛,挣扎的提示。尘土让你回到现实,胡同却是一部传奇”。不过,他也不得不承认,在北京呆的时间越长,越习惯这风沙:“住久了北平,风沙也是清净的。”

鲁迅曾在日记中形容刮沙尘暴的情形:“风挟沙而昙,日光作桂黄色”,然而面对这自然界的风沙扑面,鲁迅先生似乎并不在意,在《一觉》中,鲁迅对沙尘暴之后的景象还透着几分诗意:“窗外的白杨的嫩叶,在日光下发乌金光;榆梅叶也比昨日开得更烂漫,收拾了散乱满床的日报,拂去昨夜聚集在书桌上的苍白的微尘,我的四方小书房,今日依然也是所谓‘窗明几净’。”

《一觉》是鲁迅散文诗集《野草》中的最后一篇,《野草》中的散文大多色调比较灰暗,而这段景物描写却非常明丽。联想到这篇前面部分的文字,就能明白鲁迅的深意:“飞机负了掷下炸弹的使命,象学校的上课似的,每日上午在北京城上飞行。”由此可知,比起现实社会的“风沙扑面”、“虎狼成群”,自然界的那风沙委实不算什么。 郑振铎在《北平》中写道,北平春天的风沙给人们出行带来种种不适,但风沙之后北平满院的春色却令人沉醉:“太阳光真实的黄亮亮地晒在墙头,晒进窗里。那份温暖和平的气息,立刻便会鼓动了你向外跑跑的心思。鸟声细碎的在鸣叫着,院子里有一株杏花或桃花,正涵着苞,浓红色的一朵朵,将放未放。”

当然,对女性而言,风沙对她们来说,意味着辛苦的打扫。苏雪林(作家和学者,主要研究屈原及其作品)就曾写道:“一个月中总要遇见几次风沙……人家糊窗都用绿纱,纱眼甚密,风沙仍会钻入,地上积了一层,屋中各种器具无不黄沙厚积,扫除擦拭,煞费精神。”

风沙是故都的一部分

如果说,生活在北平的外省文化人,对春天风沙的感受是复杂的,那么对北京作家而言,风沙就是生命中与生俱来的一部分,既是恨又是爱,离开北京,乡愁总是不分好坏,把北京的一切照单全收,就像梁实秋在《北平的街道》中写道:“‘无风三尺土,有雨一街泥’,这是北平街道的写照。也有人说,下雨时像大墨盒,刮风时像大香炉,亦形容尽致。像这样的地方,还值得去想念么?不知道为什么,我时常忆起北平街道的景象。” 有时候北京的风沙在作家的心里也有着某种隐喻。抗战爆发后,蒋梦麟(著名教育家,曾任北京大学校长)迁往陪都重庆,他在《西潮与新潮》中回忆北京,对北京充满眷恋和缅怀:“回想过去的日子,甚至连北京飞扬的尘土都富于愉快的联想。我怀念北京的尘土,希望有一天能再看看这些尘土。”

与其说蒋梦麟是怀念尘土,倒不如说,是一个知识分子在战乱中对尘土覆盖下的旧日书斋里稳定、规律的知识分子生活的怀念,大概怀念越切,下笔便越充满深情,描写也便更加细致入微:“红木书桌上,已在一夜之间铺上一层薄薄的轻沙。拿起鸡毛帚,轻轻地拂去桌上的尘土,你会感到一种难以形容的乐趣。然后你再拂去笔筒和砚台上的灰尘;笔筒刻着山水风景,你可以顺便欣赏一番……”风沙和尘土,已经和那段安稳的旧时光水乳交融在一起。

钱歌川(散文家、翻译家,1947年赴台湾,创办台湾大学文学院并任院长)甚至赋予风沙以“北平精神”的内涵,他曾写道:“要没有飞沙,就不成其为北平。正同日本人久不感到地震,就觉得寂寞似的。北平若没有了飞沙,我们一定要觉得有点不够味,缺乏一种构成这个故都的要素,而感着缺陷了。”在他看来,没有领略过北平的风沙,不能算真正懂得北平的内蕴:“一个代表的中国人,一定能赏鉴北平的古香古色,一定能在灰尘中喝‘酸梅汤’,在大街口嚼‘硬面饽饽’,说到古物的保存,尤其要拥护古代传下来的风沙。”

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