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海昏侯墓命名商榷:称“海昏侯刘贺墓”更为清晰

2016-03-18 14:07:36   文汇报

目前大家了解最多的,也是最著名的在发掘后没有改名的墓葬,是现在用来与海昏侯刘贺墓作比较的湖南长沙马王堆汉墓。在发掘前,这座墓被传为是五代马王之墓,故名为马王堆 (1950年代夏鼐先生已指出其为汉墓),在1970年代初经发掘确定其时代为西汉、墓主为轪侯而与马王无关后,当地一直还是以马王堆汉墓来为名。

但无论如何,过去一直都极少见到如“南昌西汉大墓”等以省会“南昌”的大地名来命名的先例———这违背了考古学以小地名命名以尽可能排除重名的学术传统。

那它叫“海昏侯墓”是否合适? 我觉得亦有不妥。

首先,刘贺墓在文献和方志中其实一直有明确的记载和名称———昌邑王冢。如《太平御览》卷549“礼仪部”引《异苑》谓“元嘉中,豫章胡家奴开昌邑王冢”。正德《南康府志》卷7“建昌县”下有“昌邑王墓”,言其“在县西六十里,汉昭帝封贺为昌邑王,卒葬于此”。万历《新修南昌府志》卷22有“昌邑王墓”,言“昌邑故城有大墓一所,小坟二百许。志云,豫章有百姥冢,葬昌邑王妾处”。嘉庆《大清一统志》卷317也有“昌邑王墓”,“在建昌县北六十里昌邑城内,有大小二冢”。

从这些记载看,起码从《异苑》 成书的南北朝时开始,或至少从传方志较多的明代开始,刘贺墓的名称已固定为“昌邑王墓”并成为地名。刘贺原为昌邑王,之后皇太后在刘贺被废后也将“故王家财物皆与贺”———现墓葬发掘中“昌邑”为名的器物应与此有关,而文献中不仅张敞在向宣帝汇报刘贺的情况时以“故昌邑王”称之,宣帝诏书也谓“封故昌邑王贺为海昏侯”,从这些情况看,虽然刘贺从天子被废后已不是昌邑王,但当时人还是以昌邑王称之———最多称其为“故昌邑王”。因此南北朝以来将刘贺墓名为“昌邑王墓”的名称应该无误。

其次,齐永明五年(487年)沈约奉诏撰《宋书》,在其自序中讲“汉有曰戎,字威卿者,光武封为海昏侯,辞不受,避地徙居会稽乌程县”,说的是东汉光武帝时曾封沈约之祖沈戎为海昏侯,但其不就而避地乌程。但沈戎虽未就海昏侯,而其墓却一直以“海昏侯墓”为称,如宋乐史《太平寰宇记》卷94“江南东道”、宋谈钥《(嘉泰)吴兴志》卷4、明李贤《明一统志》卷40、清穆彰阿《(嘉庆)大清一统志》 卷289等等,均载乌程县“金鹅山”上有海昏侯墓。因此,我们虽然知道这座墓并不是真正的海昏侯之墓,但“海昏侯墓”这样的称谓事实上用以指称浙江的沈戎墓已千载,那南昌若再以“海昏侯墓”来命名,难免有重名之虞。

第三,刘贺虽封海昏侯,但历代方志中的海昏侯所居之城的名字却为“昌邑城”。如宋乐史《太平寰宇记》卷106“江南西道四”、宋王象之《舆地纪胜》卷26、明陈霖《(正德)南康府志》卷7、明李贤《明一统志》卷49和52、明陆应阳《广舆记》卷12、清谢旻《(雍正)江西通志》卷38等等,均大同小异地谓“昌邑城,《豫章记》 汉昌邑王贺既废之后,宣帝封为海昏侯,东就国筑城于此”。直至今日,在墎墩汉墓附近尚有“昌邑乡”的地名存在,这就说明刘贺海昏侯国的侯国城的名称应为“昌邑”。

第四,若从前引方志看,其所言的“昌邑王冢”位于“昌邑城”一带、主墓外还有小墓若干———至少有大小两座墓的特征,恰与目前在南昌市新建区海昏侯墓勘探发掘的情况完全一致。因此将这座墓称为“昌邑王冢”或“昌邑王墓”,就不存在与文献、历史的违背———似乎可以作为这座墓名的第一选择。

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