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上海人曾经的金饭碗、银饭碗:海关、邮局待遇好

2016-03-18 11:07:38   解放日报

上海开埠以后,农田减少,“耕夫织妇尽弃其业,而趋工场”。19世纪70年代,虹口沿江船厂、货栈、码头,工人多为广东、宁波人。1924年,对一家纱厂工人调查,上海本地人占12.1%,外地人87.9%;对815名邮政工人调查,上海本地的占12.9%,外地职工占81.1%。

上个世纪30年代起,移民到上海大多投亲靠友,进入同乡所在的行业,形成上海行业经营者和就业者的地域性。广东人经营烟草、鸦片和洋杂货业居多,安徽人经营茶叶和丝绸业多,江、浙、晋商人经营银钱业,湖南人开酒店,浙江绍兴人开煤店柴行多,山东人卖高脚馒头饼,苏北人开理发铺等。

日商纱厂女工主要来自苏北和安徽,华商纱厂、面粉厂以无锡和上海本地人为多; 丝织业大多来自浙江和苏南农村,居首为浙东的嵊县、东阳,次为湖州、义乌、诸暨等地;航运业以广东、天津、宁波人见多,码头和运输业则主要来自苏北;市政公用业很多来自湖北、河北等地。警察大多招自河北、山东。铜工以南京人居多,铁工、翻砂工、冷作工多为广东人,木工、木模工则以宁波人、广东人居多。

解放前,在上海无根基、无文化或文化程度低的外来移民大多以打短工、摆地摊、拣垃圾度日。就业以进外资公司和工厂光彩。就职政府和公共服务事业令人羡慕。海关、邮局工资高,待遇好,管理正规,职业稳定,被公认为“金饭碗”、“银饭碗”。

解放后,当工人成为大部分青年人的就业期望。“吃公家饭”成为就业的主要导向。受时代号召,1966、1967两届余留毕业生和1968、1969两届毕业生共50.7万人全部动员上山下乡,俗称“一片红”。社会上对中学毕业生上山下乡的选择看法是到农场比插队好。在到农场的去向中,优先考虑上海市郊农场,其中在复兴岛和奉贤的农场比较抢手,崇明岛农场次之。再是考虑在江苏省的上海大丰农场和在安徽省的上海黄山茶林场。

1977~1982年,上海共安置156.3万人就业,其中103.7万人为城镇待业青年和回沪知识青年。进入80年代,市民择业仍受计划经济年代影响,以选择单位为重,进国营单位算是正式就业。上个世纪90年代起,劳动力市场形成,国营企业大批职工下岗,职业流动加快,择业开始不在乎国有单位的“铁饭碗”。创业当业主的越来越多。临时工、家庭手工业等非正规就业被社会接受。希望到机关工作的增加。年轻人向往受雇于外资企业。1995年,上海社会科学院社会学研究所一项关于社会意向的调查研究显示,市民希望受雇于外资企业的比例最高,选择企业的排序为欧美国家、中国香港、日本、中国台湾地区等。

  (本文摘选自《上海通志》)

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