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曾延续800多年邛窑揭神秘面纱 经30多年考古发掘

2016-03-04 09:32:02   华西都市报

 高端“邛三彩”

烧制温度比唐三彩高400℃

虽然没有挖到底,但出土的文物已经足够让人叹为观止。

从出土的文物可以看出,邛窑瓷器以青釉、青釉褐斑、青釉褐绿斑和彩绘瓷为主,纹饰造型生动、釉色丰富多彩、鲜艳夺目,胎质紧致细密。集雕塑、彩绘、窑变于一身。既有雕塑手法做出的各类人俑形象(胡商俑、武士俑、侍女俑等),精致生动,富有艺术表现力和装饰性;也有碗壶杯盘、花瓶、香炉等实用生活用具、文房用具、储盛用具、玩具等,深入生活方方面面的细节,反映了古代经济生活、文化生活。

此外,邛窑的彩绘装饰十分普遍,釉色丰富鲜艳。从隋带开始,邛窑已先后创造发明了釉下点彩、斑彩和黑、褐、绿三色高温彩绘瓷、到了唐代,邛窑原有的黑、褐、绿三彩更新为黄绿褐蓝等多种颜色为基调的彩绘,又称“邛三彩”。从以往的资料图片可以看到,邛窑的三彩器造型优美工整,胎皮轻薄。黄晓枫介绍说,这是采用了模印技术,即趁陶模胎尚未全干时,用印模在上面打印出一个个纹饰,十分方便。

从外形上看,邛三彩与唐代著名的“唐三彩”有些相似,但邛三彩属于瓷器,胎釉更为紧致细密,烧制的温度更高,为一千二百多℃,而唐三彩属于陶器,烧制的温度仅为八百至一千℃左右。因为唐三彩多是用于陪葬的墓葬人俑,对于温度要求并不高。而邛三彩主要是实用的小型器皿,以精细见长,追求生活实用性,因此需要高温,使得胎釉结合紧密,釉面不易脱落。

上世纪80年代,邛窑出土了一个印有明确年代、写明“官窑器”的邛三彩官样器。由此可以说明,“邛三彩”是本土瓷器的高端产品,主要是供古代宫廷、上流社会等使用。

 发明“省油灯”四川先民早就懂得节能降耗

邛窑的一些产品,还表现了先民们“节能降耗”的智慧,其中最典型的莫过于享誉中外的“省油灯”。

在四川省博物院陶瓷展厅邛窑陶瓷系列展柜里,静静摆放着一盏邛窑省油灯。这件古朴、大气、精美的邛窑陶瓷,被国家文物局定为国家一级文物。

虽然邛窑未见于史书记载,但是关于省油灯的记述却非常多。曾在成都生活7年的宋代诗人陆游曾描述过这种小小的灯盏“书灯勿用铜盏,惟瓷盏最省油。蜀中有夹瓷盏,注水于盏唇窍中,可省油之半。”即把灯芯及油置于灯盏表面的内凹处,然后注清水于与夹层相通的小孔中。在孔中加入冷水,目的是降低油面温度,避免油经加热后迅速蒸发。

邛窑生产的省油灯盏在唐宋风靡一时。当时的读书人贫寒清苦,常常挑灯夜读,而邛窑省油灯的创造为读书人提供了方便。那么,省油效果究竟如何呢?

1983年8月,四川大学古陶瓷学者陈德富教授对邛窑省油灯盏的省油效果进行了科学测试,省油可达20%—30%(型制不同,省油效果不一),夏季比冬季尤为明显。最新进展

邛窑遗址公园 预计年底开放

在此次考古发掘中,研究人员在探方内发现了有5-6个直径3米、深2米的大坑。

据周围居民介绍,邛窑发现于上世纪30年代,当时遭到了军阀的疯狂盗掘。1935—1936年间,军阀唐式遵纵令军民对邛窑遗址进行大肆乱挖、乱掘,出土的完整瓷器按件卖,破碎的瓷片按斤两称,大量陶瓷文物流失海内外。直到现在也可以看到,唐式遵公馆用了大量邛三彩的瓷片作为装饰。

记者了解到,为了保护文物,还原展示古代邛窑生产过程,窑物、作坊等,当地计划将邛窑遗址打造成邛窑遗址公园。占地283.5亩,预计今年内初步向外界开放。公园将形成“一个景观中心,两个展示重点,多向景观视廊,多个景观节点”的景观结构。

其中8号窑包是景观中心,已经考古发掘过的1号和5号遗址则作为重点展示遗址点。1号窑包大棚是邛窑遗址最核心的展陈地,展示邛窑制瓷工艺和技术。5号遗址的炼铅池、拉坯坑等也将盖大棚进行展示。这处唐代建筑遗址以及五代作坊遗址,将以表面散布的瓷片、制瓷工具等历史遗迹,让公众得以一窥邛窑的体量和规模。

华西都市报记者张元玲

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