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金丝镶嵌国家级传承人:水火中练出的绝艺(图)

2016-03-02 17:11:02   北京晚报

程淑美复制的明万历金丝翼善冠。这件文物出土于上世纪50年代,是金丝镶嵌技艺的巅峰之作。程淑美的技艺比古时更精进。右图为其设计制作的普渡观音。

阳光洒进朝阳区金盏乡一栋安静的办公楼中,程淑美正在精心制作着一件花丝艺术品。戴着花镜的她已经年逾古稀,苦练技艺五十载,年少就与金丝镶嵌结缘。当大多数人都感慨这是一个真正的大师渐少的年代,程淑美认为,其实做什么事都需要沉下心、肯吃苦,方能得真传。

苦练绝活终成大师

程淑美生在北京城,长在皇城根,从小就被扑面的古朴气息浸染。1962年,她考入北京工艺美校。除了在学校学习知识,她把故宫当成了“第二学校”,一去就是一周;带齐纸笔午饭,一画就是一天。日子虽苦,但实打实地知道了“花丝镶嵌”是为何物。

在学校,程淑美吹了一年煤油灯。一天下来,脸被熏黑,手被灼伤是常事。发现自己雕塑能力不强,她要求来到玉器车间,就这样,又在水凳上坐了13年。受益于多位大师的指点,她的技艺不断提高。1989年,她的作品《白衣大士》斩获全国工美优秀创作设计一等奖。一位台湾富商一口气订了四百件,轰动北京工美界。如今,人们想到“花丝镶嵌”,都会想到北京有一位“程观音”。

做花丝离不开火的淬炼。金、银、铜,质地坚硬的金属在高温作用下变成熔液,放入模具,制成粗细得当的方条。方条经创作师之手,穿过细如头发的板孔拔敛成丝,持枕木轻搓双丝使之合并。生丝再重回高温环境,用喷枪烧熟、烘软,套定在相应的模具上,反复掐捏塑造成型。

集齐各个部件后,再层层相压,环环相扣,经过巧手编织,撒焊药焊连成器。最后,在花丝间嵌入打磨亮滑的玉石、宝石、珍珠,使其散射出夺目光彩,这就是“金丝镶嵌”。这门出自宫廷的非遗“绝活”,因其用料贵重,历史悠久,属“燕京八绝”之一。而上述步骤,只是其繁复工艺中的一瞥。

非遗传承后继有人

2009年,“程氏花丝”成为北京工美界首批以姓氏命名的艺术流派。但“花丝”手艺并不是属于个人,它是国家级非物质文化遗产,蕴含着北京的底蕴。“绝活”怎么发展?这颗种子在程淑美心中种下。

“花丝镶嵌”用料贵重,制作周期长。而且花丝手艺人收入低,社会地位远不如他们的作品。很多大师们的孩子都没能“接班”。程淑美的儿子高欣程,也曾一度去做了厨师。1997年,国家出台保护传统工艺的相关政策,高欣程看到了转行契机。

高欣程自小就看着父母制作花丝、玉雕,是在工美厂子里长大的。工美厂是综合厂,每个车间都是一门手艺。跑来跑去,高欣程有了优于旁人的视野。现在,程淑美把“花丝镶嵌”最精髓的设计要领教给了儿子。儿子又学习了经营知识,不再像普通工匠那样,两耳不闻窗外事,只知苦干,不知创新。程淑美也以“干花丝镶嵌就要干一辈子”的要求,吸纳了一批肯沉下心、肯吃苦的年轻徒弟。

花丝镶嵌走出国门

非遗绝活,很多都是纯手工制作。有时这意味着坚守高端化制作路线才能守住绝活的品质。程淑美刚成立公司时,有人觉得她的作品“太较真”,成本高、周期长,公司坚持不了多久。但事实证明,他们错了。

国家越来越重视非遗文化。2014年APEC领导人会议周的最后一天,一些经济体领导人或代表夫人来颐和园参观中国非遗文化。程淑美现场表演花丝技艺,把那些在工业社会浸润长大的外国友人们“看呆了”。

在那之后,花丝镶嵌开始走出国门。程淑美还透露,今年将在杭州举办的一个国际高端峰会上,“程氏金艺”将作为“国礼”中的一部分,赠送给外国首脑。她将用花丝制成一朵牡丹花。这朵花直径只有2.4厘米。这朵“小而精”的牡丹花极考究工艺水平。程淑美工厂里最细的板孔直径是0.19毫米。她想用0.12毫米的丝来做牡丹花,她带领师傅,凭着丰富经验和准确的火候,在0.19毫米的板孔下,通过反复磨炼,拔出了0.12毫米的丝,且粗细均匀,韧度合适。后来,她还专门打造了0.12毫米的板孔,进一步保障了花丝品质。

张骁 文并摄 J243

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