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故宫乾清宫也失踪一件“骑凤仙人” 将定制补配

2016-02-18 15:32:52   法制晚报

据介绍,作为世界上现存规模最大、最完整的木结构古建筑群,故宫总计9371间的房屋上有着数以万计的各种琉璃构件,每年都会发生因自然老化、风雨侵蚀、动物破坏等因素造成的破损、脱落情况。

针对古建筑构建的保护问题,故宫表示,为了避免脊兽等琉璃构件因损坏对观众安全造成威胁,故宫制定了相关的古建巡查和保养制度。比如,每年在春季、雨季和秋季都会开展瓦顶拔草工作,同时排查瓦面构件保存状况,遇有构件松动时,进行归安加固。

此外, 在冬季极端天气时,工作人员还会进行檐头专项排查,将松动构件先摘取,妥善保存,待天气转暖时,按照传统做法进行归安补配。

如遇突发的构件脱落情况,古建管理部门会及时到现场进行记录和处理;对于破损严重无法继续使用的构件,将按照原样式进行复制更换,原有构件妥善保存。

由于各个宫殿的脊兽等琉璃构件大小形制各异,单件制作成本高,因此,故宫博物院通过日常巡查,对缺失的各类琉璃构件进行统一登记并纳入修缮计划,下一步一并定制、补配,以恢复景观的完整性。(法制晚报微信公众号:fzwb_52165216)

  延伸追访

  材料和匠师都难寻 古建修复遇尴尬

据故宫博物院相关负责人介绍,故宫主体建筑建于明、清两代,距今已有近600年历史。紫禁城的修缮工作一直都在“进行时”,维护和修缮工作伴随始终。

2002年,经国务院批准,故宫博物院开始了“完整保护、整体维修”的大规模古建筑修缮保护工程,一些存在严重问题、保存状况不佳的古建筑首先得到了抢修保护。当时,包括乾清宫在内的一些重要建筑也列入了修缮计划。

不过,随着整体修缮工程的推进,一些深层次的问题逐渐暴露出来,在建设工程市场化的大背景下,匠师传承体系日渐萎缩、传统材料找寻困难。官式古建筑营造技艺的传承,已经面临举步维艰的地步。

近两年来,故宫古建筑保护调整思路,由原来的一年修一座中轴线上大型古建筑的计划,调整为更加重视古建筑日常的岁修、保养工作。

故宫方面表示,为解决目前古建修复遇到的问题,今后的修缮工作故宫将以“研究性修复”的策略、技术方法和实现途径,尝试突破现有的材料供应束缚、工匠与研究者聘用障碍,希望能够率先实现“研究性、预防性”为主的科学修复,为国内文物建筑保护工程做出表率。

故宫方面同时也呼吁国家在专家队伍建设、人才培养、传统技艺保护传承、传统修复材料供应等多个方面,给予更多的政策支持,确保故宫古建筑修缮质量。

 相关新闻 颐和园脱落琉璃构件已修复

骑凤仙人“失踪”,前几天刚刚发生过一起类似事件。北京市文物保护协会会员吴晓平近日发现,颐和园排云殿西侧檐角,一尊骑凤仙人没了踪影。

颐和园管理处发布情况说明称,此件琉璃构件为排云殿2005年大修时安装的复制构件,历史原件破损严重已存放于颐和园文物库房。秋冬时节,园内屡有发生建筑构件脱落情况,加上该复制构件添配已十年有余,工作人员判断其内部腐蚀、遇大风后坠落,残件被游客捡走。

目前,公园方已完成修复工作。

多知道点 屋脊走兽 仙人打头阵

故宫代表了中国传统官式古建筑的最高成就,其屋檐部位的走兽是建筑等级的标志和装饰性构件,根据建筑等级的不同在数量上各有差别。

其中骑凤仙人安装在明清宫殿建筑屋顶檐角处垂脊、戗脊和角脊的最前端。后面的排列顺序为龙、凤、狮子、天马、海马、狻猊、押鱼、獬豸、斗牛、行什。

宫殿走兽的装饰有严格的等级区别,安放这一套走兽,次序和数量都有讲究。太和殿又称金銮宝殿,是世界最高的重檐庑殿顶建筑,只有“金銮殿”顶上垂脊兽十样俱全。其余都要递减,比如乾清宫有9个,坤宁宫有7个。

形态各异的屋脊走兽有着大作用。它们遮住两坡瓦垄交汇点上三连砖上口,保证雨水不渗入到下面木构件中。为减轻重量和便于安装,烧制成中空。文/记者 崔毅飞 李洁

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