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今日“破五”:迎财神送穷神 妇女不准串门

2016-02-12 09:07:45   京华时报

农历正月初五,俗称“破五”,是历史悠久的汉族传统节日之一,因汉族民俗认为之前诸多禁忌过此日皆可破而得名。由于这一天承担了人们太多的希望与憧憬,所以古代这一天的禁忌就特别多,比如在这一天必须吃饺子、不能用生米做饭、不准妇女串门等。“破五”这一民俗时至今日,就演化成“送年”的意思,过了这一天,一切就慢慢恢复到大年除夕以前的状态。

 “破五”的由来

“破五”的由来,时至今日仍众口不一。据《封神榜》所载,姜子牙封神时,把背叛他的妻子封为“穷神”,令她“逢破即归”。神话传说中,姜子牙的妻子是很让人讨厌的背夫之妇,封了穷神以后,就更让人讨厌了。所以人们就在正月初五这一天“破”她,让她马上回去。还有一说,初五是财神的生日,所以人们要在这一天大摆宴席,燃放鞭炮,搞多种多样的庆祝活动,迎接财神的到来。另外,在许多地方,除夕夜是要请祖宗回来过年的,在堂屋的正中,高挂祖宗牌位,烧香上供,意为请祖宗过年,吃好的,不忘祖宗的意思。到了初五,就要送祖宗“回去”了,过年过完了,所以,这一天要烧香,烧纸钱,恭送祖宗。

由于初五肩负着送穷神、接财神等多重重任,所以这一天非常重要也就不奇怪了。这许多的讲究综合起来,就形成风俗——要摆宴席,要放鞭炮,要吃象征“元宝”的饺子等等。

“破五”迎财神

初五俗传是财神诞辰,为争利市,图吉利,人们以各种方式迎接财神。凡接财神须供羊头与鲤鱼,供羊头有“吉祥”之意,供鲤鱼是图“鱼”与“余”谐音,讨个吉利。人们深信只要能够得到财神显灵,便可发财致富。因此,每到大年初五零时零分,人们就打开大门和窗户,燃香放爆竹,点烟花,向财神表示欢迎。接过财神,大家还要吃路头酒,往往吃到天亮。大家满怀发财的希望,憧憬着在新的一年里大发大富。清人顾铁卿《清嘉录》中引了一首蔡云的竹枝词,描绘了苏州人初五迎财神的情形:“五日财源五日求,一年心愿一时酬;提防别处迎神早,隔夜匆匆抱路头”。“抱路头”亦即“迎财神”。信奉关帝圣君的商家,在正月初五要为关公供上牲醴,鸣放爆竹,烧金纸膜拜,求关圣帝君保佑一年财运亨通。

 “破五”送穷神

除了迎财神,还有送穷神之说。正月初五“送穷”,是我国古代民间一种很有特色的岁时风俗。其意就是祭送穷鬼(穷神)。送穷还有许多别称,诸如“送五穷”、“赶五穷”、“送穷土”、“送穷衣”等。民俗认为,破五前不倒垃圾,能够聚财,否则就倒了“福气”。然而,垃圾堆多了,毕竟影响卫生,所以到初五要倒出去,又有了讲究,叫“送穷”。 送穷的方式颇多。简单的只是清早响着爆竹把垃圾倒出门外完事,复杂些的则要用纸剪一个小人(穷媳妇)送走,甚至还要让她背个装了垃圾的纸袋送在门外;更有一些地方,正月初五要吃得特别饱,俗称“填穷坑”。汉族民间广泛流行的这些送穷习俗,反映了我国人民普遍希望辞旧迎新,送走旧日贫穷困苦,迎接新一年的美好生活的传统心理。

  “破五”吃饺子

  另外,大年初五这天,民间通行的食俗是吃饺子,俗称“捏小人嘴”。除了年夜饭要吃饺子,“破五”这天也要吃饺子。有一种说法是,从初一到初五几天之内禁忌较多,人们不可“轻举妄动”,一过初五,就基本上过了年禧,不再禁讳了,所以要吃饺子祝贺。特别的是,在今天津及附近地区(例如沧州市),还有“包饺子,捏住小人嘴”的习俗,说是让小人来年闭上嘴,少说坏话。据说,这样可以免霉运。还有些地方饺子里要包上钱、枣、糖等,寓意发财、好运早来、甜蜜和美。 (冷中华)

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