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观光一词源自《周易》 三皇五帝都曾环游四方

2016-02-06 08:37:45   广州日报

画像砖上的西王母形象

从秦始皇到乾隆帝

帝王巡游成了旅游的最高形式

以上诸位帝王的远游活动中,除了周穆王的“旅游”程度较重之外,其他的大多可以视为工作考察类似的活动,当然可以推测,其中应当也包含一定程度的娱乐、休闲的内容。而到了秦代,一种新的旅游形式诞生——帝王巡游。

秦始皇应该是第一位展开了真正意义上的“巡游”的帝王。公元前221年他统一中国后,10年之间(公元前220~公元前210年)出游5次:公元前220年,他从咸阳出发,沿渭河河谷抵达陇西(今甘肃临桃),后北行经径水上的北地(今甘肃庆阳)返回;公元前219年,他东行到山东邹县的峰山刻石记功,登泰山祭祀封禅,到烟台,沿渤海向东到成山头,向南到琅琊郡(治所在今山东胶南县西南夏河城),又南到彭城(今江苏徐州),在泅水寻觅周朝九鼎,后南行过淮河到衡山,由汉水经南阳返回;公元前218年,他又向东游历,经河南、山东到琅琊(今琅琊山),沿漳水从上党返回;公元前215年,他巡游河北,直抵碣石(今河北昌黎北);公元前210年,他出武关,沿汉水南下到湖北云梦,乘船顺长江东渡到丹阳(今安徽当涂东),又到钱塘(今浙江杭州),再渡浙江到会稽(今浙江绍兴)祭大禹墓,后又北上琅琊等地游历。

汉武帝是史学界公认的中国封建社会的大旅行家之一。他七登泰山,六出萧关,北抵崆峒(今甘肃平凉),南达寻阳(今江西九江),许多名山大川都有他的行迹。他于公元前110年冬带兵18万,北上甘泉宫、上群、西河、五原(今内蒙古东胜、包头一带),旌旗飘扬,浩浩荡荡。他出长城,登单于台,威镇匈奴,又回陕西祭黄帝陵,到华山祈祷;再东行至嵩山,敬礼于太室。公元前119年,他封禅泰山,至东海求仙,又北抵碣石、辽西,再由九原返回,行程9000公里。此行是中国古代帝王巡游的一次壮举。公元前106年,他经由盛唐(今安徽安庆)向湖南九盛山拜虞舜,到潜山登天柱山,又从寻阳乘船沿江顺流而下,向极阳行驶,其船首尾相接,不绝千里,再由陆路北行,直抵山东琅琊海岸后归。秦皇汉武,显赫一世。两者巡游,也颇相似。与秦始皇比,汉武帝巡游的路程之遥,地方之多,更有过之而无不及。此外,隋炀帝扬州观琼花,清康熙、乾隆下江南等都是尽人皆知的帝王巡游的典型事例。

碣石

专家和文人的壮游

描绘出中华大地独有的精彩

与帝王不同,古代的专业人士的旅游带有更多个性化色彩。凿通西域的张骞,著作《史记》的司马迁,七下西洋的郑和,西行求法的法显、玄奘,南下南洋的义净,东渡日本的鉴真,遍查中国水道形势的郦道元等都是以专业身份而壮游天下的伟大人物。明代地理学的“双壁”徐霞客和王世性,更是将“深度游”的内涵发掘得淋漓尽致。

要说古代旅游大咖,怎样也绕不过李白。他25岁时“仗剑去国,辞亲远游”,到过湖南、江苏、湖北、河南、山西、山东、浙江、陕西等地。学者郑本法评价,“他那感情热烈、想象丰富、语言清新而又洋溢着爱国主义和浪漫主义精神的诗篇,是他‘五岳寻仙不辞远,一生好入名山游’的真实写照。旅行游览为他提供了题材、意境和灵感,他为祖国留下了脍炙人口、动人心弦的诗歌遗产。可以说,没有壮彩奇情的旅游,就没有他那些最伟大的诗篇。”

儋州东坡书院

另一位潇洒得仙人一般的伟大旅行家,是苏东坡。由于政治斗争的纷扰,他不断地遭到贬抑,而且越贬越远,越贬越偏。他自言:“问汝平生功业,黄州惠州儋州”就是这种情境的真实写照。然而他在伴随自己半生的艰难时世中,却活出了他人无法想象的精彩。没有黄州,就没有《黄州寒食帖》,也没有《念奴娇·赤壁》和前后《赤壁赋》;没有惠州,就不会有“罗浮山下四时春”。

此外,屈原、王维、杜甫、李清照、陆游、李时珍等都是中国古代社会著名文人,都有过旅行游览的壮举,都有不朽作品传世。没有这些专业人士和文人们的旅行,中国古代的文学园地会减少多少光彩?

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