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明护城河驳岸现身 有专家认为其是“龙江关”

2016-02-01 10:40:34   金陵晚报

去年年底,南京的文物部门在下关热河路边发现一座面积达到数百平方米的大型遗址。考古持续了四个月,于日前结束。记者了解到,南京市文广新局最近就此次考古召开专家论证会,初步认为这处遗址是明城墙护城河的驳岸遗址,这说明了热河路曾经是一条宽达60—80米的护城河。

  1

  挖出两道墙 竟是河边驳岸

昨天上午,记者来到位于热河路西侧、大观天地对面的这处工地。考古已经结束,现场还遗留八九个探方。直径约1米的砖井、用青砖砌成的排水沟,分布在探方里。工地上两道南北走向、位置呈东西平行排列的“墙”,高度超过两米。

两道墙各有不同,西墙由大型条石堆砌而成,而东墙则是一层条石、一层青砖地叠加而成。记者注意到,这些青砖和南京明城墙城砖尺寸近似,只是上面没有铭文。

陪同记者探访的江苏省郑和研究会副秘书长赵志刚介绍,这两道“砖墙”应该是人工砌筑的驳岸,条石、青砖相互叠加在一起,是为了使结构更为坚固。

东墙还带有一条用细砖铺设的台阶,长约两米。赵志刚说,这里可能是当年一处船只停靠的接驳点,人们可以凭借这道台阶在水面和陆地之间往返。

 2

  木桩烧黑原因是什么

考古现场还出现了大量木桩,木桩可能有七八米深,露出地面只有二三十厘米。赵志刚说,这些木桩的出现,证明了这里曾经有房屋,而且是临河房屋。奇怪的是,这些木桩都有被焚烧过的痕迹,使人猜测这些房屋遭遇过火灾。文物部门的专家没有排除这种可能性,但同时也指出,烧木桩,也可能是一种防腐的手段。

专家介绍,在水泥尚未普及的民国时期,民用建筑立木桩也经常这样做。而这些房屋临护城河修建,周围环境湿度大,使用火烧脱水法防腐的可能性也是存在的。

 3

  热河路前身是护城河

记者了解到,就这处工地的考古,南京市文广新局已经召开过论证会。文物部门的一位专家透露,这处工地上发现的两道墙,身份可以判定,的确是河流驳岸。西墙可能是明代修建的,使用了数百年,一直用到清代。后来,由于河道变窄,人们在河边修了新的驳岸,这就是此次发掘中挖到的东墙。

根据这个线索,专家推断,这个工地就在热河路边,说明当年的热河路是一条河。再结合明城墙走势分析,热河路前身的那条河流,极有可能是明城墙外的护城河,其宽度可能达到60—80米。

一段关于热河路的往事,随着考古被廓清。很多史料和老地图都清楚地表明,热河路历史上曾是一条宽阔的护城河,其南段叫做黄泥滩,遗址上发现的驳岸,是河的西岸。明代以后,这条护城河逐渐变窄。1930年,这条护城河完全被填平,成为道路,以民国时的省份“热河”命名,即热河路。

 4

  有望对原址保护展示

“真的很有趣,热河路带一个‘河’字,但如今那附近却没有河,没想到,其前身真的是一条河。”一位地名专家说,类似这种历史上曾经有河,后来填平成为道路的例子,在南京还有多个,比如进香河路、红土桥、郑和南路,其前身分别是进香河、运渎和惠民河。

文物部门专家介绍,这处护城河驳岸遗址,对展现南京明城墙历史信息非常重要,“所谓城池,凡城必有池,城墙脚下的护城河必不可少。南京龙盘虎踞,明代筑城时,以天然的山体、水体为屏障,形成了独一无二的城池系统。”接下来,文物部门将制订保护方案,未来有望原址保护,向市民展示其中重要的部分。

有专家认为是“龙江关”

虽然文物部门已经初步认定这座遗址是明代护城河驳岸,但赵志刚却提出了不同意见。他认为,这处遗址更像是明代的“龙江关”,那些木桩正是官府建筑的遗迹。所谓龙江关,是明洪武元年在龙江湾设置的征税机构,就坐落在河边。明宣德时,又在上新河设立税关。因龙江关在上新河关的下游,才催生了“下关”的地名。

“在明代《郑和航海图》上,可以看到,龙江关紧挨着天妃宫、静海寺,正与遗址所在位置吻合。”赵志刚认为,即使建筑遗迹不是龙江关官署建筑本身,也可能是附属建筑。

  龙江关在郑和下西洋的历史中占有重要地位,郑和最后一次下西洋,就是从龙江关出发的,那次远航途中,郑和在印度古里病逝,再也没有回到龙江关。 于峰

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