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春节习俗始于腊月二十三:祭灶后正式开始迎接过年

2016-02-01 09:07:41   云南网

压岁钱是由长辈发给晚辈的,有的家里是吃完年夜饭后,人人坐在桌旁不许走,等大家都吃完了,由长辈发给晚辈,并勉励儿孙在新的一年里学习长进,好好做人。过年给压岁钱,体现出长辈对晚辈的关爱和晚辈对长辈的尊敬,是一项整合家庭伦理关系的民俗活动。

正月初一 换上新衣拜年

正月初一这一天,不剃头、不泼水、不扫地、不动菜刀、不讨债。一起床就换上新衣,查查老黄历,看喜神在哪一方,向喜神行礼,蒸一笼米糕当早餐,称之为一年比一年“高”。

饵块是云南特有的食品,与江南的年糕不同在于年糕是用米粉做的,饵块是用米饭做的,是中原地区的古食传到云南后,只有云南还保存下来的食物。昆明人炒饵块要放入火腿、豌豆苗、大葱、腌菜、甜酱油等配料,油漉漉地端上桌来再放上辣椒油,大家热腾腾地吃上一碗。

吃完炒饵块,老人守在家中,大人们就出去给亲戚朋友拜年,各家各户都准备了泡米花茶,招待来拜年的人们。有的人家不愿意有人来打扰,放条板凳在家门口,别人看了也就不进去了。

正月初五 祭财神开市

南方人在正月初五祭财神。民间传说,财神即五路神。所谓五路,指东西南北中,意为出门五路,皆可得财。初五日俗传是财神诞辰,为争利市,故先于初四接之,名曰“抢路头”,又称“接财神”。

五祀即祭户神、灶神、土神、门神、行神,所谓“路头”,即五祀中之得神。凡接财神须供羊头与鲤鱼,供羊头有“吉祥”之意,供鲤鱼是图“鱼”与“余”谐音,讨个吉利。人们深信只要能够得到财神显灵,便可发财致富。

因此,每到过年,人们都在正月初五零时零分,打开大门和窗户,燃香放爆竹,点烟花,向财神表示欢迎。接过财神,大家还要吃路头酒,往往吃到天亮。大家满怀发财的希望,但愿财神爷能把金银财宝带来家里。

旧俗春节期间大小店铺从大年初一起关门,而在正月初五开市。俗以正月初五为财神圣日,认为选择这一天开市必将招财进宝。

正月初七 郊游

正月初七亦称“人胜节”、“人庆节”、“人口日”、“人七日”等。传说女蜗初创世,在造出了鸡狗猪牛马等动物后,于第七天造出了人,所以这一天是人类的生日。汉朝开始有人日节俗,魏晋后开始重视。古代人日有戴“人胜”的习俗,人胜是一种头饰,又叫彩胜,华胜,从晋朝开始有剪彩为花、剪彩为人,或镂金箔为人来贴屏风,也戴在头发上。

到了正月初七,昆明西坝东岳庙举行庙会,昆明人就到金汁河边拜神烧香,其实就是郊游。过年总不能天天都在城里“宅”着吧?庙会上还支起秋千架供大家玩耍,青年男女们也借机寻找意中人。

正月初九 金殿庙会

正月初九是天日,传说此日为玉皇大帝生日。主要习俗有祭玉皇、道观斋天等,有些地方,天日时,妇女备清香花烛、斋碗,摆在天井巷口露天地方膜拜苍天,求天公赐福。

不过更热闹的郊游,是正月初九的金殿庙会,传说这一天是玉皇大帝的生日,不只是在金殿所在地的鹦鹉山一座山上,庙会的摊子延伸出了好几里地,有各种杂耍表演、打把势、高跷、耍狮子、对山歌、唱小调。旧时昆明人赶金殿庙会,都是自带饮食在山上野餐,呼朋唤友,一片热闹。

正月初十 赏灯市

正月初十之后,昆明灯市开始,每天晚上,现在的正义路一段,一到夜里,灯火辉煌。水景灯、走马灯、宫灯,各种彩灯聚集,游人观灯购灯通宵达旦。这也是老昆明人一年内最丰富的夜生活了,一直持续到元宵。

正月十五 元宵灯节

元宵节是我国主要的传统节日,也叫元夕、元夜,又称上元节,因为这是新年第一个月圆夜。因历代这一节日有观灯习俗,故又称灯节。元宵节俗的形成有一个较长的过程,据一般的资料与民俗传说,正月十五在西汉已经受到重视。

元宵放灯的习俗,在唐代发展成为盛况空前的灯市,中唐以后,已发展成为全民性的狂欢节。以后历代的元宵灯会不断发展,灯节的时间也越来越长。

正月十五吃元宵,“元宵”作为食品,在我国也由来已久。宋代,民间即流行一种元宵节吃的新奇食品。这种食品,最早叫“浮元子”后称“元宵”,生意人还美其名曰“元宝”。元宵即“汤圆”以白糖、玫瑰、芝麻、豆沙、黄桂、核桃仁、果仁、枣泥等为馅,用糯米粉包成圆形,可荤可素,风味各异。可汤煮、油炸、蒸食,有团圆美满之意。陕西的汤圆不是包的,而是在糯米粉中“滚”成的,或油炸,热热火火,团团圆圆。

   云南信息报 记者 王蓉蓉

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