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三星堆5年考古成果发布:发现五道城墙 将找古墓葬

2016-01-29 16:42:17   成都商报

北部城墙的出土、大型红烧土建筑的发掘、两座小城的合围……从2011年到2015年,考古人员在三星堆的考古中收获颇丰,从出土的遗址和文物中找到了证据,证明三星堆在新石器时代晚期已经是成都平原的核心区域,繁荣一直持续到西周早期。然而,专家一致认为要解开三星堆的“谜团”,关键是找到古墓迷踪以及弄清城内的水系分布。

北部城墙出土 城市布局逐步清晰

从以往的考古发掘来看,专家们一致认为,三星堆遗址只在东、西、南有古城墙,北边主要是凭借鸭子河的天然屏障。不过,从2013年开始,考古专家就陆续在三星堆遗址北部发现5道城墙,分别为真武宫城墙、仓包包城墙、青关山城墙、马屁股城墙和李家院子城墙。

其中北临鸭子河的真武宫城墙稍早,修建于夏代晚期,因为和月亮湾城墙“手法”相似,来自四川省考古文化研究院的专家认为,这有可能是同时期建造,其余城墙多为商代修建。

“斜向筑城的结构特殊,建筑肯定十分壮观。”中国社会科学院考古研究所的研究员许宏推测,从二里头到东汉年间,东亚大陆上兴起了筑城的高潮,三星堆筑墙采用版筑的方式,很有可能受到北方建筑方式影响。

考古专家将年代相仿的城墙联系起来,最后在其中拼凑出了两座小城,即面积近460000平方米的月亮湾小城和面积约88000平方米的仓包包小城。考古专家一致认定,城墙的发现,使得三星堆城址,尤其是北部的城圈结构已基本清晰,这对于认识三星堆城址的聚落结构具有深远意义。

专家大胆推测 古蜀先民和中原交流紧密

从诗句中,大家就认为蜀道难,“不与秦塞通人烟”。北京大学考古文博学院孙庆伟推测,三星堆出土的青铜器和夏商殷墟“版本”高度雷同,而陶器也和中原二里头文化有着密切联系。“千万不要怀疑古人的活动能力。”孙庆伟打趣说,蜀地自古就跟着“中原政权”跑,在九州划定时候就被划在了梁州的“辖区”,在武王伐纣时,就派兵帮助武王打仗。

孙庆伟认为,三星堆文化内涵丰富,要与它的内涵相匹配,考古方向还要往外面延伸。“估计这个工作未来50年也做不完。”他表示。

发现遗址核心 月亮湾或为三星堆城址宫城

三星堆内的青关山土台位于月亮湾小城的西北角,这个5500平方米的土台,由夯土、红烧土和文化层相间叠压堆积形成,其年代从新石器时代晚期一直延续至西周时期。土台附近一个20米的凹地内填充的多为西周至春秋时期生活堆积,同时发现出土有大量西周时期完整陶器乃至玉璋、绿松石和金箔片等高等级文物的灰坑、灰沟和房址等,这表明三星堆遗址在西周时期,至少在西周早期仍比较繁荣,并未极速衰落。

“在土台上相继发现3座大型红烧土建筑,编号为F1—F3。”据四川省考古研究院考古专家雷雨介绍,建筑面积逾1000平方米的F1是三星堆遗址迄今为止发现的面积最大的商代单体建筑基址。F1可能为干栏——楼阁式建筑,由多间“正室”以及相对应的“U”字形“楼梯间”组成,所有房间分为两排,沿中间的“穿堂过道”对称分布,廊道两侧各有3排柱洞,南、北、西墙墙基外侧有一排密集排列的凸字形“檐柱”遗迹,其内侧有一列平行的“柱础”。

“室内夯土中有掩埋玉璧、石璧和象牙。”雷雨表示,“墙基”“檐柱”及内侧“柱础”均由红烧土块垒砌,并夹杂有大量的卵石,红烧土块大多成形似砖,应为异地预制。种种迹象表明,这里属于遗址核心地带,应该是当时高等级人群活动区域。“月亮湾一直以来都盛产高档‘文物’,这里很有可能是三星堆城址的宫城。”

解码关键靠它 寻找到同时期墓地

在考古发掘中,青关山城墙的一处新石器时代晚期的夯土台面让专家耳目一新。该台面表面大致平整,由浅黄色和青灰色粘土夯筑而成,未见夯窝等夯打遗迹,其面积应在500平方米以上。“这里应该有大型建筑。”专家们一致认为,该夯土台面和台面之上大型建筑的发现,加上历年来在遗址内大面积、大量发现的同时期遗存足以表明三星堆遗址在新石器时代晚期同样是成都平原的中心遗址之一。

  不过,多年的考古发掘,让考古队员抱恨的就是没有一座大型墓葬。“这个就要靠运气了。”一些专家甚至开玩笑说。不过,在下一步三星堆考古中,来自北京大学考古文博院、中国社会科学院考古研究所、陕西省考古研究院等15位专家在论证会上表示,这几年的发现对三星堆遗址年代和北城墙的关系有了明确认识,对城址布局和小城建设也有了进一步了解。“新石器时代的建筑和小型墓葬也证明了这下面还有更加丰富的遗迹。”考古专家认为,后续工作重点应该往水陆交通体系、经济形态、族群、古环境等方面重点发掘,其中最重要的就是寻找同时期的墓地。

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