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69岁老工匠修葺杜甫茅屋20年 工具仅有蔑刀锯子

2016-01-28 08:25:55   华西都市报



1月11日,今年69岁的刘明富,和竹子茅草打了一辈子交道,他曾经5次参与草堂茅屋和碑亭的修复翻新工作。

1月14日,刘明富在3米多高的“少陵碑亭”顶上绑茅草。

1月14日,成都杜甫草堂,刘明富为“少陵碑亭”更换茅草顶棚。

他不知道“八月秋高风怒号,卷我屋上三重茅”。他说:那是没有绑牢靠。

杜甫草堂,唐朝诗人杜甫流寓成都时的居所,中国文学史上的一块圣地。是全国重点文物保护单位,也是国家一级博物馆。一月,杜甫草堂再次修缮。“少陵碑亭”、两座主亭、十余座茅草屋都在修缮范围内。69岁的四川郫县人刘明富又出现在这里。一把蔑刀、一副锯子,就是他的全部工具。1996年,杜甫草堂恢复重建茅草屋。自此,刘明富就成了杜甫草堂茅草屋的“御用匠人”。

假比说,有人请我去盖茅草屋,他要喊我‘卖工客’。‘客’就是客人、匠人,就是师傅,尊敬的称呼。不是你们随随便便喊的‘工人’。”

刘明富猛地咂了口烟,赶紧用手指头掐掉。他的手指头是平常人两倍粗,骨节肿得就像乒乓球,满手沟壑纵横,沾满灰的茧巴厚实得就像鱼鳞一样。

杜甫草堂里面不允许抽烟,他的烟瘾一来,忍不住了就躲到边上抽两口。一支烟可以点十次,掐十次。

他不允许别人说他70岁,“69!”他走路比二十来岁的年轻人还快。“刘师傅,你走这么快啊!”听罢,他的手臂甩得更频了,不晓得在和谁较劲,时不时还转过头看是否被追上。

他没读过书、不识字,要叙述清楚盖茅屋的步骤、细节、注意事项,对他来说比登天还难。他嘲笑杜甫茅屋屋顶被秋风吹走,“嚯嚯就吹河头了,要是我绑就不得遭吹起跑。”

重修“少陵碑亭”

“杜甫是名人嘛,他的房顶被吹走了”

早上6点过,刘明富背了个布包就出了门,里面装着一把蔑刀和一副锯子。

连续三天,他都在编“少陵碑亭”的亭盖骨架,此刻终于成型,可以上茅草了。盖茅草屋顶,削篾条最关键,只有削得薄厚适中,才能拴牢架子和茅草。

“我嘴巴笨说不来,你看就是了。”刘明富最多能描述“削”篾条,再复杂一点的制作技艺和编织术他就表达不来了,只看他嘴唇一张一合,舌头像是打了结,整个人着急起来。

小毡帽、薄棉衣,蓝色的围腰布遮住下半身,一双棉鞋被钉满了茅草籽,就像两只小刺猬。刘明富举起蔑刀,手起刀落,青竹一剖为二,二剖为四,所到之处竹子顺势而开,如撕布一般干脆。他旋身坐在石阶上,双腿夹住竹条,又把它剖成竹片。这下,右手握刀,像削果皮一样,将竹片一层一层抽丝剥茧,剖成篾条和蔑丝。

不同粗细、长短的竹片和竹条纵横交织,在刘明富手里变成了一顶“大斗笠”,端正盖在亭子上方。接下来,他借助钢架将成捆的茅草有序排列,再用之前削好的篾条层层绑扎固定。整个过程,只需要茅草和篾条,不用任何铁器。

少陵碑亭是杜甫草堂最具代表性的碑亭建筑之一,以茅草作顶,亭内立石碑,其上镌刻“少陵草堂”四字。这座亭子距离上一次修缮已经十多年,亭上茅草长时间受潮腐坏需要整体更换。

然而这些在刘明富看来,就是盖茅草屋难度大小的差别。亭子坡度陡,要用“九分水,一尺矮九寸”;茅草屋坡度平,要用“五分水,一尺矮五寸”。

少陵碑亭是六角檐,有的亭子是圆形檐,“这些我都要画图纸”。说罢,他随手掰折一截篾条作尺,几笔就在记者的本子上画了个亭子模样的简笔画,却看不出来檐的形状。“我还可以给檐编花,他们(杜甫草堂工作人员)没有要求,我就算啦。其实编花也不多收钱的啦。”

“八月秋高风怒号,卷我屋上三重茅”,这些诗句,他并不知道。“杜甫就是个名人嘛,”刘明富比划着,听说当年他住在这里,茅草屋顶被风吹跑了。“那是没有绑牢靠,要是我给他盖,就不得遭风吹起跑!”“茅草屋其实很‘经试’(牢固)的,最长管得到三十年。”

盖了一辈子茅草屋

“还好还好,累了可以休息,赚的钱够用”

在成都,能盖茅草房的匠人已经寥寥无几。走上这条路,是一次偶然的相遇。

17岁那年夏天,大雨淋坏了自家屋顶,刘明富爬上屋顶,从地里找来玉米秆修补。同村的老泥瓦匠恰好经过,看到这少年身手灵活,又不恐高,就问他“愿不愿意来帮我打下手?”刘明富眼睛一转,想到还可以挣钱,一阵讨价还价,最终工钱四六开成交。自那以后,师父走哪他走哪,师父拿大头,他赚小头,很快,刘明富的手艺就超过了师父,“大家就喊我不喊他了,关系就没那么好了。”

就这样,他出师了。“我师父叫苏永才,现在要是活着就90岁了。我还是有点对不起他。”刘明富说,自己曾给师父女儿介绍了对象,没想到还成了,后来那女婿“有点晃……哎……”说罢,他用手揩了揩鼻涕,又继续拔手套里、裤腿里、鞋上的茅草刺。

慢慢地,刘明富在镇上也小有名气。手艺扎实、不爱多嘴、价钱公道是他的制胜法宝。乡里乡亲口口相传,在他最辉煌的三四十岁,每年基本上一干就是七八个月,除了下雨天和夏暑几日,他从不停歇。

在他的徒弟杨昌贵眼里,师父就是个“吃得苦中苦,方为人上人”的人。杨昌贵从20岁开始学,现在47岁,是刘明富这辈子7个徒弟中最年轻的一个。他记得,年轻时还没出郫县,师父早上5点钟起床,先到自家田地头干几锄头,再背镰刀锯子出工,从早到晚都不休息,直到晚上八点天黑尽了,师父才收工回家,“回家前还要去田里转转”。

杨昌贵说着,偷偷地从兜里掏了烟盒出来,递了根给师父,刘明富几次左顾右盼,点了,猛咂几口。关于吃苦,刘明富并不愿意向记者多提几句,在徒弟心中,盖茅草屋又脏又累又赚不到钱,但在刘明富这里,就是“还好还好”,累了可以休息,赚的钱也够用。

刘明富记得,上世纪60年代,他的工钱是干一天一元钱,逐渐地涨到一天一元二角,工程大点的人家,一次可以赚十多二十块。

最复杂、豪华的一个茅草屋是在一座廊桥上,“主人要求的花样儿多,龙门样式也不一样”,这一次难住了刘明富,他去看女人织毛衣、编辫子,再加上自己从师父那学的一些手艺,最后硬是做出来了。

没人住茅草房子了

手艺后继无人?“我儿子还会”

就这样,从十七岁那年开始,他盖茅草屋盖了一辈子,刘明富结婚后生了一儿两女。他用盖茅草屋和种地的钱,供三个子女读完了中学。

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