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浙江出土7000年前芦苇席 系中国现存最早编织品

2016-01-19 09:16:45   钱江晚报

科学迷应该都知道,《自然》杂志是世界最权威的科学杂志之一。近日,它旗下同样很牛的期刊《科学报告》出版了最新一期,其中有篇论文,发布了一个浙江考古界的新成果——文中翻译过来的原话是这样的:

中美科学家鉴定了一片出土自浙江的芦苇席,距今有大约7000年的历史,是中国现存最早的有准确鉴定和测年的编织品。

这片席子,就来自大家还蛮熟悉的地方:余姚田螺山遗址。

这个遗址,小记之前已经报道过好多次,它属于河姆渡文化体系,也就是河姆渡人住的地方,2004年开始发掘至今,已经12年了。去年刚鉴定出的茶树根,证明河姆渡人是最早种茶树的。

而这一次席子的鉴定成果,又刷新了我们的记忆条:测年显示,这片席子出现于距今6645年到6775年前的新石器时代,比钱山漾遗址的丝织品遗存——也就是中国最早的丝绸遗存,还早了至少1000年以上。

换句话说,中国迄今发现最早用上席子的,又是河姆渡先民。

 什么做的?

  用芦苇编的

虽然论文提到的是一片席子,实际上,2010年左右,考古队员在遗址中发现了数十片这样的席子。田螺山遗址发掘领队、浙江省文物考古研究所研究员孙国平告诉记者,这些席子都是在河姆渡人住的房子附近找到的,最大片的有一平方米左右,大部分和椅子上的坐垫差不多大。

回想起来,小记曾经见过这些席子。前年,孙国平带着小记在一个坑旁蹲下,戴上一次性手套,轻轻一挑——一小块密集的正方形物体,在烂泥里凸显,纵横交错的纹路,还很明晰,这种编法,并不复杂,和现在一些席子的做法差不多。

因为田螺山遗址海拔低,而且在饱水状态,所以席子这样的有机质保存得比较好。那时候,孙国平就推测应该是芦苇编的,但最准确的结果,还得通过科学鉴定。

去年下半年,这篇论文的第一作者、中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所的副研究员张健平带领的团队,开始提取样本,用了一年左右时间,研究了席子残片中的植硅体和细胞形态,并与中国编织技艺中常用的芦苇、竹子、蒲草作对比,发现参数与特征都和现代芦苇一致,证明了席子极有可能是由芦苇茎秆编织而成。

 用来干吗?

  夏天铺地上或是当门帘

当然,我们最关心的,还是这片席子究竟用来干嘛的。

席地而坐——你的第一反应估计是这个。但小记有疑惑,古代人的便当盒——饭篮子啥的也有用芦苇来编的啊。

张健平说,他们对席子表面附着物进行分析后,没有发现粮食残留,而孙国平说,席子出土时是片状的,所以推测应该是铺地上的席子,或者是造房子时挂的帘子。

古时候,在凳子茶几这些坐具发明之前,人们在家里的大部分时间,都是在席子上度过的。

苏东坡在《南乡子》“自述”里,写过一句“凉簟(diàn)碧纱厨”,夏天最热的时候,他午觉醒来还要赖床,躺在纱帐里的清凉竹席上,读一会儿书。

在唐宋时代,夏季在室内地板上铺一层凉席是很流行的,但到了秋冬,就会撤掉凉席,改用毛织、丝织、棉织的地毯。

我们小时候用的最多的是竹席,现在高档一点的,会用牛皮席,但,这也是人家清代人早就享受过的啦。

比牛皮席更奢侈的席子,我们都没用过,就是象牙席。哪个名人用过呢?汉武帝,也就是第一代海昏侯刘贺的爷爷。《西京杂记》里写道:汉武帝“以象牙为簟”。其实,他命人打造象牙席,不是自用,而是送给宠妃李夫人的。

所以,回到正题,田螺山发现的芦苇席,可以说是以上这些席子的鼻祖了。

责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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