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隋文帝不懂易理改“随”为“隋”

2016-01-11 09:01:05   广州日报

隋文帝画像

越王勾践剑和吴王夫差矛

隋朝的国号,源于随州,本应写作“随”,但隋文帝因忌讳“随”字有“走”字旁,遂改“随”为“隋”。且在治国理念上完全忽略了“随”在《周易》中的深刻含义,为人刻薄,听信谗言,“随”失其正,遗祸子孙。

文/图 钟葵

隋朝的国号源于随州

《周易》有一卦名为随卦,中国历史上有一朝代名为隋朝。“随”与“隋”,读音相同,字形相近,但含义不一样。《说文解字》释“随”为“从”(顺从、跟从),释“隋”为“裂肉”(残余的祭品)。

本来,没有必要把随卦和隋朝的国号扯在一起,只因历史上一直有隋文帝杨坚改“随”为“隋”之说,才引起了笔者的关注。经过追踪溯源和一番梳理,才发现隋朝的国号源于随州,而随州之名可能与随卦有关联,隋文帝不懂随卦的深刻内涵,只从字形字义上理解“随”字,以为把“随”字的“走”字旁去掉就万事大吉了,却没料到大隋江山只传了两世,就匆匆地“走”了。

隋朝国号和随州的历史渊源关系,要从杨坚的父亲“随国公”杨忠说起。杨忠是西魏、北周时的名将,南征北战,屡立战功。西魏大统十五年(公元549年),杨忠率军攻克南朝梁的随郡(即随州),翌年又攻克安陆,使汉东(汉水以东地区)尽为西魏所有。西魏恭帝初年,被赐姓“普六茹氏”。北周明帝武成元年(公元559年),杨忠晋爵“随国公”,食邑一万户,另在竟陵县食邑一千户。杨忠死后,杨坚袭父爵为“随国公”。北周末年,杨坚晋爵为“随王”后,其封地扩至二十郡,变为“随国”。改朝换代之后,便以“隋”为国号。至于隋文帝为何把“随”改为“隋”,暂且不表,留待下面讨论。

先以己随人

  才能得到人来随己的效果

先来探讨一下随州与随卦的关系。“随”这个名称,应在西周前已有,西周时出现的随国,乃是王族中某一支分封于“随”地。而据史料记载,神农氏诞生于随州厉山,号“厉山氏”,因创造了“三易”(《连山》、《归藏》、《周易》)之一的《连山》,后人又称他为“连山氏”。因此,有学者大胆地推断,“随”得名于《连山》中的随卦。虽然这个推断还有待论证,但“随”确实与“三易”有密切关系,要了解“随”的内涵,仅从文字本身入手是远远不够的,必须以“三易”为依据,才能得到更深刻、更全面的理解。

《周易》的随卦,《归藏》称为“马徒”。所谓“马徒”,即《周礼》所说的“前驱”。古代王公贵人出行,必有随从在马前鸣锣开道,称为“前驱”或“前马”。据《国语·越语》记载,越王勾践曾为吴王夫差的“前马”。此名称与卦象颇为吻合,该卦由“八经卦”的兑卦和震卦组成,兑在上(前),震在下(后),震为马,兑为口,为传呼,这一组合就是一幅“前马”之象,可见古人的形象思维是多么丰富。《周易》则取其“随从”之义,命名为“随”,再进一步引申为“随时”,表明《周易》比《归藏》更侧重义理。

《周易》认为,因震为动,兑为悦,随卦有此动而彼悦之意。且随卦上下二体及诸爻之位,均呈现“刚下于柔”之象,犹如以贵下贱,以多问寡。即地位高的人屈尊以礼遇地位低微的人,学问渊博的人主动向学问少的人请教,先以己随人,才能得到人来随己的效果。如果这样做的话,上下彼此的关系必然很和谐。“卦辞”说:“随,元亨利贞,无咎。”这里有两重含义,一是无论己随人还是人随己,都要随得其道,才能“大亨”,正如宋代易学家程颐所说的:“凡人君之从善,臣下之奉命,学者之从义,临事而从长,皆随也。随之道,利在于贞正,随得其正,然后能大亨而无咎。失其正则有咎矣,岂能亨乎?”二是要顺从自然规律,“元亨利贞”象征春夏秋冬,天下万物的“生长化收藏”都不能违背自然规律。所以“彖传”称:“天下随时,随时之义大矣哉!”“大象”也强调:“泽(兑为泽)中有雷(震为雷),随,君子以向晦入宴息。”自然界雷发于春之震,收声于兑之秋,日出于东方之震,落于西方之兑。“君子”观此卦象,生活起居应随时而行,白天自强不息,向晚则按时休息,以安其身,这就是“随时”之理。

刘邦将“随”字运用得出神入化

但隋文帝似乎完全不懂得这些易理,他所认知的“随”字,只是带有“走”字旁的“随”。后人猜测隋文帝可能鉴于前朝“周、齐奔走不宁”,忌讳“随”字有“走”字旁,遂去“走”作“隋”,以为国号。虽然史书没有明说此事,但这种猜测不无道理。反对者认为在古代“随”、“隋”通用,隋文帝并没有刻意改“随”为“隋”。但证之史实及考古发掘,“随州”的“随”字在隋朝之前没改过,而隋文帝即位后不久便将“随州”改为“隋州”,“随州”之名,直至宋初才恢复。且隋朝石刻无不写作“隋”字,如果当时允许“随”、“隋”通用,不应该出现这种现象。

由此可见,隋文帝改“随”为“隋”,并非子虚乌有之事。史书称,隋文帝“雅好符瑞,暗于大道”,他忌讳“随”字的“走”字旁,是很有可能的。

隋文帝以“隋”为国号,在治国理政方面却不懂“随”的道理。为君者若要天下人随己,需懂随卦之道。刘邦之所以能成就大业并使江山延续了四百余年,就是因为面临重大决策时都会“随人”,他虽然和隋文帝一样不学无术,但从善如流,计谋“随”张良、陈平等人,后勤保障“随”萧何,打仗“随”韩信,定都“随”娄敬,制礼“随”叔孙通,把“随”字运用得出神入化,这正是他的过人之处。

 隋代二帝不“随”正道 国祚不长   

相比之下,隋文帝的所作所为连史书的作者也不敢恭维。《隋书》在肯定了他所取得的成就后,笔锋一转,评论道:“但素无术学,不能尽下。无宽仁之度,有刻薄之资。”说他不学无术又不肯虚心向人请教,能用人却不能尽其才。为人刻薄,不肯“随”正确的意见。晚年时更偏离正道,“听哲妇之言,惑邪臣之说”,“随”失其正,以致“溺宠废嫡(废太子杨勇),托付失所。灭父子之道,开昆弟之隙,纵其寻斧剪伐本枝。坟土未干,子孙继踵屠戮,松槚才列,天下已非隋有。”

可悲的是,其继承人隋炀帝虽然熟读《周易》,却也不懂随卦之道,恃才傲物,自以为是,最终无人追随,众叛亲离,身死国灭。

有趣的是,隋文帝改“随”为“隋”,清代才子袁枚则改“隋”为“随”。他辞官后在金陵买了原江宁织造隋赫得的“隋园”,并改名为“随园”,取《周易》随卦“天下随时”之义。后来在“随园”寓居近50载,修身养性,怡然自乐。他还写道:“雪芹撰《红楼梦》一部,备记风月繁华之盛,中有所谓‘大观园’者,即余之‘随园’也。”可惜此名园已不存。袁枚族孙袁起据历史和记忆绘出《随园图》,现藏于南京博物院。

责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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