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大红门是昔日皇家苑囿正门 康熙、乾隆曾作诗赞颂

2016-01-07 08:37:26   北京日报

高世良

大红门是南苑的正门。

要说大红门的身世就得先从南苑说起,我们说的是清代皇家园囿的南苑。

南苑是明清两朝的皇家苑囿,明代名南海子,清代名南苑。南苑周围建有120华里长的围墙,占地面积达210平方公里。明代在围墙上辟有北红门、西红门、南红门、东红门四座大门。北红门是明代永乐十二年扩建皇家苑囿南海子时始建的。清代乾隆年间在南苑大兴土木,修建行宫寺庙,新增镇国寺、黄村、回城、双桥、小红门等五座苑门。南苑至此增为九座苑门,与北京城的九门相一致。南苑九座大门各门规制不同:三个门洞的有大红门、南红门、镇国寺门、双桥门;两个门洞的有西红门、黄村门、回城门;一个门洞的有东红门、小红门。

三个门洞者中间大,两边小,中间高,两边低;两个门洞者一大一小,一高一低;一个门洞者只有一个大门洞。在北红门东边建小红门后,原北红门就改称北大红门,后来又简称大红门;因此南红门也称南大红门。北京城是坐北朝南,正阳门(俗称前门)是北京的正门,而南苑为皇家苑囿,面对北京城,坐南朝北,北红门(即大红门)为南苑的正门。

大红门在明清时期是南苑的重要之门,它是帝王赴南苑必经和歇憩之地,也是各地信使及给皇宫送粮米等人所经之地。大红门原址在大红门路上,凉水河南岸,今大红门公共汽车站附近。它有三座方形门洞,中间者大,两边者稍小,飞檐斗拱的门楼,上面覆盖着黄色琉璃瓦,门漆饰红色。此门洞可通行马车、轿子、汽车。1955年8月为了方便交通,拓宽路面,而将其拆除。大红门内建有东门房、西门房。东门房是清朝南苑的重要门房,除驻有守军外,还有两名门军,负责南苑九个门门军的联络。东门房现存7间朝南旧平房,已经改建了,新中国成立后先后由大红门派出所、丰台区人力三轮车客货运输管理站六分站使用,现又改建成宾馆。东平房遗址现位于大红门汽车站南边路东,门前立有丰台区政府文物保护单位标志。西平房已无存。

清代大红门里有南苑奉宸苑、更衣殿、地藏庵、龙神庙等建筑。南苑奉宸苑是管理行宫、寺庙等事物的机关,其官署旧址在今大红门东后街156号院内。更衣殿是帝王进入南苑后更换衣服的地方,更衣殿与奉宸苑相邻。《日下旧闻考》记载:“南苑官署房三层,共十有八间。更衣殿,乾隆三年建,殿内恭悬御书额曰:‘郊原在望’,联曰:‘旧题在壁几行绿,晓日横窗一抹殷’。”官署房清时所建,进门有影壁,坐北朝南,分前厅和后厅。前厅十间,后厅两处,各3间。更衣殿南向,门二层,大殿3 间。南苑奉宸苑官署旧址,民国时期为大兴县南苑区警察分所驻地,1935年3月大兴县署由北京城内迁至此地,大兴县署铁门今尚在原处,1937年9月县署移于南苑镇营市街。新中国成立后为市农场管理局驻地,后改为民房。

在大红门地区曾发生过一些历史事件和故事。康熙皇帝于康熙十四年闰五月在大红门举行隆重的郊劳礼,迎接平叛凯旋的将军。是年三月内蒙古察哈尔部首领布尼尔乘北京清军赴前线围剿三藩之机,在东蒙辽西一带发动叛乱,起兵反清,康熙帝派大将军鄂札、副将军图海率数万人出兵追剿。出师两个月的大军迅速平定布尼尔的叛乱,解除清朝在三藩之乱时的后顾之忧。清军凯旋北京,康熙甚为高兴,亲率诸王贝勒大臣于南苑大红门行隆重的郊劳礼。冯玉祥将军在南苑驻军时为了表达抗日的心情,在大红门的门洞上题了三条大字标语,在东小门洞上题写“努力奋斗”,在西小门洞上题写“救我国家”,在中间门洞上题写的是“亡国奴,不如丧家犬”。1937年“七七事变”时大红门是二十九军与日军激战最烈的地方,抗日英雄赵登禹、佟麟阁将军壮烈牺牲在大红门。

当年,大红门是风景如画的地方。金碧辉煌的宫殿、庙宇,碧绿的苇塘、树木,弯弯曲曲的凉水河和高低起伏的苑墙在大红门北边由西向东延伸。凉水河上有一座石桥,名永胜桥,后称大红门桥。凉水河北岸有九龙山,共三座土山,高10余米,长约1.5公里。九龙山是乾隆修凉水河挖淤泥堆积而成。九龙山北边有一座碧霞元君庙,称南顶,是北京“五顶”之一。清代吴长元《宸垣识略》载:“九龙山在南顶永胜桥北岸,乾隆间疏浚凉水河土堆成。自西至东,约长三里,高二三丈不等。委蛇起伏,宛如游龙,环植桃柳万株。开庙时,游人挈榼敷席群饮。夏木阴阴,水田漠漠,不减江乡风景也。”清澈的凉水河映照着南岸的苑墙和北岸的九龙山。凉水河、九龙山、苑墙宛如三条欲飞的巨龙。凉水河里鱼群畅游,河畔稻田碧绿,九龙山上桃红柳绿,苇塘里水鸟鸣叫,形成一道独特的风景线。

康熙、乾隆皇帝,还有一些诗人都曾多次写诗赞颂大红门风景。康熙帝《海子北红门秋雨后行围戏作》:

“昼漏稀闻紫陌长,霏霏细雨过南庄。

云飞御苑秋花湿,风到红门野草香。

玉辇遥临平甸阔,羽旗近傍远林扬。

初晴少顷布围猎,好趁清凉跃”。

而乾隆帝则赋诗《射猎南苑即事诗》:

“北红门里仲秋天,爽气游丝拂锦鞯。

行过雁桥人似画,踏来芳甸草如烟”。

清代举人、进士查慎行《南海子四首》,其中一首:

“红门草长少飞埃,万里平畴掌上开。

一道修眉浓似画,近南遥识晾鹰台”。

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