文化消费四十年的变迁逻辑

2018-12-31 12:36:38   中华网文化 

文化消费四十年的变迁逻辑

文化消费是人们利用文化产品或服务来满足精神需求的行为,其发展水平是衡量一个国家文化软实力和国民幸福感的重要标尺。改革开放40年来,我国文化消费经历了从匮乏、单一、模仿到丰裕、多样、创新的一个不断跃升的过程。这期间文化消费的变迁并非凭空出现,而是建立在政治制度、经济形态、科学技术和生活方式等综合因素变动之上,有其发展的内在逻辑。

首先,制度创新为文化消费变迁提供了最直接的动力。1978年召开的十一届三中全会,拉开了改革开放的伟大序幕。随着计划经济的解体,以及市场经济制度建立和现代市场体系的日趋完善,人民群众的消费自主性极大提升,压抑已久的文化需求如山洪般爆发,汇聚成了80年代的“文学热”、90年代的“电视热”、千禧年后的全民狂欢,文化娱乐消费蔚然成风。改革也让封闭的中国进入了四面来风的新时代,特别是“入世”之后,人们有更多机会享受到国外的优质文化产品,把握全球的文化脉动,消费视野空前开阔。最近几年,供给侧结构性改革和系列消费促进政策的出台,又为文化消费提供了持续发展的强大动能。

其次,经济发展是文化消费变迁的最基本决定面。经济基础决定上层建筑,高品质的文化消费需要坚实繁荣的物质条件。改革开放40年,我国GDP从1978年的3679亿元飙升到2017年的827121亿元,提高了令人震惊的224倍,居民恩格尔系数则从60%以上降到29.39%,进入联合国划分的富足区。“仓廪实而知礼节,衣食足而知荣辱”。随着人们可花在衣食住行等基本需求之外的钱越来越多,人们对文化消费的要求也不断升级。从最开始的补偿式消费、到炫耀性消费、再到今天的享受性消费,从模仿型、排浪式消费转向如今的个性化、多样化消费,高速的经济发展是我国文化消费变迁的最底层要素。

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