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旬阳县龙头村里能人多手艺多

2016-03-10 12:34:52   中华网文化

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自酿拐枣酒,石磨豆腐,打草鞋,绣花,······这些在都市人看来日渐消失的手艺在龙头村的田间地头,房前屋后都能随意看到。龙头村位于陕西省旬阳县城关镇,地理位置独特,北进三秦,南通鄂西,西达川府,东接荆襄,使其形成了东西融汇,南北兼蓄的独特地域文化。在这块交通不便的地域上,龙头村的村民们口传心授着一样样能在日常生活中派上大用场的手艺,也延续着祖祖辈辈的传统文化。

打草鞋

龙头村村民称编草鞋为“打草鞋”,一字之差,听上去却让人觉得穿在脚底下的草鞋格外结实、耐磨。“打草鞋用的就是这种叫龙须草的长草,每年秋冬季的时候从田头采来,晒干,理成一捆一捆的。”村民苳有菊一边整理打草鞋要用的材料,一边介绍说。据她介绍,原来村里周围的山上长着很多这种龙须草,草长得旺,长得长,采起来也很方便。最近几年也不知道什么原因,龙须草越来越难找了,不是长得不够长,就是长得不够粗壮,打出来的草鞋不耐磨。 

苳有菊今年47岁了,打草鞋的手艺是从家里长辈那里学来的,“那个时候耕田种地,家家户户都会备几双草鞋,穿坏了也不觉得可惜。”到了现在,留在村子里耕地的年轻人越来越少了,用到草鞋的时候也就越来越少,会打草鞋的年轻人屈指可数。

坐在场院火堆旁,苳有菊理好龙须草,开始不紧不慢地打草鞋。看着一束束龙须草在她的手里转来转去,不一会儿就转出来一根根长长的草绳,看起来就像大姑年的长辫子。草绳编好了,苳有菊开始把打草鞋要用的两样工具——草鞋耙子和耙腰子挂了起来,草鞋耙子固定在板凳的一侧,耙腰子则要戴在腰间,有了这两样家伙事儿,草鞋编起来也就省力多了,“草鞋耙子是为了拉扯草绳用,目的是让草绳与草绳间变得更密,更结实”。耙腰子的作用与草鞋耙子大同小异,“女人手劲儿不够,有了它们,草绳就不用攥在手里打滑,磨手了。”也许是许久没用的缘故,挂在板凳上的草鞋耙子有两个钉齿出现了些微的松动,“钉齿一松动,草绳扯起来就不稳,影响打出来草鞋的松紧度。”

虽说好久不做了,苳有菊打起草鞋来那也是一点不含糊,还没等边上老汉抽完两袋烟,一双草鞋就从她手里编了出来。草鞋编得多了,每根绳编多长,每双鞋做多大尺寸,苳有菊心里都有数。 

还没等苳有菊修完草鞋的边,站在一旁看热闹的小朋友就迫不及待地脱掉自己脚上的鞋子,将草鞋踩在了脚下,乐得合不拢嘴。正当小朋友感受着穿草鞋带来的乐趣,住在周边的邻居从家里倒腾出了一双双用破布头编成的鞋子。这样的布鞋编起来跟草鞋大同小异,但更加耐磨,穿起来也舒服不少。

 酿拐枣酒

“酿酒用的主要原材料拐枣都是我们当地产的,拐枣本身对身体健康也很有好处。”说起龙头村家家会酿的拐枣酒,村民们要说的还真不少。拐枣酒是龙头村村民自酿的一种白酒,主要原料是当地山里自然生长的拐枣树上结出的拐枣。每年秋季,村民们都会进山采集,然后挂在庭院里,晒干,备用。有时候为了让酿出来的白酒口感更好,村民们还会在拐枣中掺上一些小麦、荞麦等粮食。 

晒干的拐枣,掺上一些粮食,密闭,发酵四十天左右,这算是酿酒的一个开始了。“发酵好的拐枣要放进一个大的蒸锅里,里面再混合一些荞麦皮,这样在蒸馏的过程中,里面的酒精容易蒸发出来,出酒量更好。”正在自家院子里酿酒的刘贵祥说。在开始蒸馏过程前,在装有拐枣的大木桶的顶端放一口大锅,锅里盛满凉水,“等下面开始烧火后,蒸汽到达锅底后就会在凉水的作用下冷却,然后凝结的白酒就会在锅底正中央汇聚,最后慢慢低落进这个木槽里,最后流出来。”刘贵祥说的木槽是专门用来收集和导流液体的,一块木板中间挖有凹槽,凹槽的中央部分要比两侧宽,液体就是要滴在这个呈圆形的宽槽里,然后顺着凹槽流出。  

话正说着,只见一滴滴无色的白酒开始慢慢流出了凹槽,滴落在放置在锅台上的杯子里。等到白酒汇集了一些后,刘贵祥拿起杯子,将杯子里的白酒泼洒到了锅底的火堆上。白酒一接触火苗,就燃烧了起来,“酿出来的第一杯酒要敬神,第二杯酒要敬天”,说着刘贵祥又把刚刚收集好的白酒洒向了不远处的屋顶。

根据当地村民多年的经验,最开始流出来的白酒的酒精度不是很高,等到锅里的凉水水温达到5~6度的时候,流出来的白酒才会变得纯,“这是因为最开始蒸馏出来的液体里面含有不少水分,等锅里水温高一些,凝结在锅底的液体成分就会含有越来越多的酒精,酒的味道也会好起来。”村民们习惯将白酒收集到一些摆放在家里的酒坛子里,封存好,等到要喝的时候再启封。 

酿拐枣酒在龙头村村民看来不算难事,家家户户每年都会酿制一些,不论是招待亲朋好友,还是自己饮用,都很便宜。在当地还流传着一个大家普遍认同的说法,那就是每天喝上一点拐枣酒,对身体很有好处。也正因为如此,村子里的老老少少都能喝上几口。

除了打草鞋,酿拐枣酒,龙头村的村民还掌握着很多其他各种手艺,而这些手艺之所以没有失传,那是因为它们还在人们日常生活中扮演着重要的角色。而那些渐渐失传的手艺则是因为它们退出了人们日常生活,或是被一些机械化的生产所取代。

责任编辑:石豪 CC009
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