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舌尖上的非遗——“八大件”

2016-03-02 17:25:44   文并摄/杨红军

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   “今晚上要吃八大件!”凡是到过陕西安康作客的人肯定都会从主人家嘴里听到过这句话。走进安康,不论是星级酒店的餐厅里,还是山村百姓家的节庆喜宴上,“八大件”逢席必有,妇孺皆知。“八大件”是安康酒席桌上一种菜肴组合的名称, 顾名思义,这种组合由八种菜肴构成,分为凉菜和热菜两大类,荤素皆有,味道多样,而且在这些菜品被端上桌的顺序和摆放位置上还有一定讲究,特别值得一提的是,安康蜀河“八大件”饮食文化及制作技艺传承人吴芳明还被确定为第四批陕西省级非物质文化遗产项目代表性传承人,也正因为如此,“八大件”被称为安康人“舌尖上的非遗”。

南北交汇地域上的舌尖味道

安康,位于陕西省东南部,居川、陕、鄂、渝交接部,南依巴山北坡,北靠秦岭主脊,地域上的南北交汇造就了安康饮食文化上鲜明的山地性以及交融性。在食物构成上既有稻作文化的色彩,又有麦栗文化的印痕,川道以小麦大米为主,两山以小麦玉米为主,粮食作物品种繁多,南北果品皆有种植,干果、鲜果可月月品尝;木耳、香菇、松菌、地耳等特产应有尽有;肉禽鱼蛋品种繁多,成为稻作文化与麦栗文化的交融带,呈现出既有南方食米而生的聪慧,又有北方啖馍而成的质朴。

在长期的生活过程中,安康人深知山地出产作物的时令性和不确定性,善于储藏食物成为当地人久已养成的习惯。在城乡随处可见屋檐下挂着干辣椒、干豇豆、干萝卜,灶头上挂着熏腊肉、熏豆腐,盆盆罐罐里装着干豆豉、豆腐乳,大坛小坛腌制着各色素菜。这些五花八门的食品,或通过晒晾风干,或通过盐腌水泡,或通过烟熏火燎。

正是这样的地域文化和饮食特色,安康人才在不断摸索中拿出了一套颇具地域色彩的菜品组合——八大件,让家人在节庆日子里品尝到家乡的味道,让远方来客记得住陕南人家的殷勤好客。

八凉八热 八荤八素  八人共坐八仙桌

“八大件”的凉菜为下酒菜,四荤四素,先于热菜端上餐桌。上席正中必须放叶青的菠菜,左右两边分别为卤猪耳朵和酱香牛肉,左边正中为炝菜,右边正中为卤魔芋,下边正中一定是莲藕,一边为白河变蛋,一边为酸辣鸡胗。这就是说八道素菜一定要按上青下白,四角为荤四边为素菜的摆法,青叶在上代表青天,莲藕为根代表大地,尊天敬地的思想完美的体现在饮食中。

凉菜以酸、辣、咸三味为主,正好为喜欢饮酒的人们提供了不错的下酒菜,也满足了老年人和年轻人品尝美食的的愿望。佐凉菜的是精美的醋汤,“八大件”的凉菜在细心的刀功下有着优美的外型,但不加佐料,食用前要放在桌子正中的调味盘中醮取醋汤,汲取汤中酸辣麻等香味。这醋汤的调制大有讲究,在安康,十家凉菜九家同,永远不同的就是醋汤的调制,用开水煮醋,汤味必然尖酸,用烫油泼醋,酸味一定沉闷,如果用滚烫的水兑了八大香熬制的香汤,再添加安康手工制作的香醋,加入少许黄豆制成的老抽酱油,待汤泠后调入香油和麻辣油,一盘奇香无比的醋汤就陈列在在坐的各位面前。人们可以将酸汤放进自己面前的碟子里,夹取凉菜,蘸上酸汤,细细地品尝,凉菜色、香、味尽现,来客自然会食不厌精,脍不厌细。

    凉菜的味道还在慢慢品味,热菜就按照“一汤一干,先蒸后炒,先咸后甜”的端上餐桌了,热菜以红烧、清蒸、烹炸为主,口味上有酸辣、甘甜、清淡、醇浓之别,也是四荤四素。据安康文化名人张枫先生介绍,在过大年的时候,安康人吃“八大件”有一个约定俗成的规矩,就是第一道热菜必上清蒸鸡皮粉,鸡肉要带皮,粉条一定要宽阔;第二道菜为糖醋鲤鱼,合起来寓意为“吉(鸡)庆有余(鱼)”,以图来年吉祥,其余菜肴按时令安排,按照一个带汤的蒸菜一个炒菜为序,上齐八个菜为标准,而蒸菜为提前备好的菜肴,给厨房的主妇烹制下一个菜提供了充足的时间,最后一个菜要么是豆腐乳蒸肉,要么是蒸酒米,二者出其一,酒席桌上宾朋都会明白这是封席菜,表明菜已上完,到了吃饭时间,也有爱好嬉耍的主人,会在酒米端上来后,当场撒上白糖,浇上少许自家烤的头子酒,用火点燃,蓝焰过后,酒米更香,也是新一年里红红火火地象征,大家一起动筷,吃过酒米,正席菜肴算是上过。吃饭时,再上四个素菜作为下饭菜,一是清水绿豆芽,一是酸辣泡白菜,一是猪血豆腐干,再是木耳拌桃仁。

按照传统餐桌礼仪,每个餐桌旁要坐八个人,而且使用的餐桌也要是传统的八仙桌,因此当地就有了“八凉八热,八荤八素 ,八人共坐八仙桌”的说法,寓意吉祥发达。

新时代新“八大件”

好东西吃多了也会感到腻烦,“八大件”当然也不例外。在保留传统“八大件”菜品的同时,安康人也开始不断进行新的尝试,创作出花样百出的新“八大件”。这些新的菜品在保留安康饮食特色的同时,也加入了很多外地食材和烹调技艺。原有的八个荤菜多为鱼肉,而现如今人们为了追求更加健康的饮食,将原本的大鱼大肉进行了部分替换,加入更多养生食材。

不管是传统“八大件”,还是融入了新食材与烹调技艺新“八大件”,它们都是安康人招待亲朋好友的最佳选择,是永远留在安康人舌尖上的乡愁。

部分文字资料及图片由安康市文广局提供

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