余华:鲁迅是我这辈子唯一讨厌过的作家

2019-02-20 10:42:36    凤凰网读书

此后的三天里,我没有再次走入这家餐馆。可是我早出晚归之时,就会经过这家餐馆。每次我都会驻足端详一下里面属于易卜生的小圆桌,黑色礼帽和拐杖总是在那里,椅子总是被拉开。我发现了有关易卜生纪念活动里的一个小小细节,早晨我经过时,小圆桌上的玻璃杯里斟满啤酒;晚上我回来时,酒杯空了,玻璃杯上沾着一点啤酒泡沫。于是,我拥有了美好的错觉,一百年前逝世的易卜生,每天都在象征性地看着一位中国作家的早出晚归,象征性地思忖:「这个中国人写过什么作品?」

我想起了我们的鲁迅。易卜生的名字最早以中文的形式出现,是在鲁迅的《文化偏至论》和《摩罗诗力说》里。这是两篇用文言文叙述的文章,发表在一九0八年的《河南》月刊上,易卜生去世将近两年了。一九二三年,鲁迅在北京女子高等师范学校发表了著名的演讲《娜拉走后怎样》。鲁迅在演讲里说:「走了以后怎样?易卜生并无解答;而且他已经死了。即使不死,他也不负责解答的责任。」然后鲁迅以一个读者的身分给予解答:娜拉走后「不是堕落,就是回来……还有一条,就是饿死了。」鲁迅认为,妇女要摆脱任人摆布的地位必须获得与男人平等的经济权。鲁迅在此用他冷嘲热讽的语调说道:「钱这个字很难听,或者要被高尚的君子们所非笑,但我总觉得人们的议论是不但昨天和今天,即使饭前和饭后,也往往有些差别。凡承认饭需要钱买,而以说钱为卑鄙者,倘能按一按他的胃,那里面怕总还有鱼肉没有消化完,须得饿他一天之后,再来听他发议论。」

挪威航空公司飞机尾翼上巨大的易卜生头像,以及这样的头像缩小后又飘扬在奥斯陆的大街上,让我感受到了易卜生在挪威的特殊地位。当然这位伟大的作家在世界的很多地方都有着崇高的地位,可是我隐约有这样的感觉,「易卜生」在挪威不只是一个代表了几部不朽之作的作家的名字,「易卜生」在挪威可能是一个词汇了,一个已经超出文学和人物范畴的重要词汇。

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