故宫藏宣德瓷器规模惊人,却有一个重要器型缺失

2019-01-04 11:15:43    国家人文历史

文|周冉

北京故宫博物院建立在明清两代皇宫上,这里有180多万件丰厚藏品,陶瓷器约占35万件,绝大多数为清宫旧藏的宋代“五大名窑”瓷器和明清时期景德镇御窑瓷器。

在文物收藏界,“清宫旧藏”这四个字分量极重,它不仅代表文物流传有序,更具有标杆性质,是同类中的精品。1949年以后,文物专家陈万里、孙瀛洲、耿宝昌等参照故宫旧有藏品收进一批文物,标准也是比对故宫旧藏,必须完全一致才收。旧藏器物全标上“故”字号,而后来流散出去又收回来的,包括溥仪抵押到盐业银行的,都写“新”字号。

明代从1368年建立到1644年灭亡共经历16位皇帝,这些皇帝的个性、品行以及当朝社会风气或多或少都表现在瓷器烧造上。

故宫藏宣德瓷器规模惊人,却有一个重要器型缺失

宣德青花蓝查体梵文法论盖罐

宣德帝留下了诗文约三十余篇和较高水平的绘画九幅,他对画院至为关心,又比较关心青铜铸造、雕漆和陶瓷,还曾在宣德二年严控官窑瓷器和整饬景德镇御器厂。

宣德官窑在明代文人心中近乎完美,其艺术价值与宋代最名贵的汝窑相等。历史上许多著作都给予宣德瓷器很高评价。张应文《清秘藏》“论窑器”中评价宣德瓷器:“我朝宣庙窑器,质料细厚,隐隐橘皮纹起,冰裂鳝血纹者,几与官、汝窑敌。即暗花者、红花者、青花者皆发古未有,为一代绝品。”宣德青花是宣德瓷器中最著名的品种,又有“永宣青花”一说。永乐、宣德二朝青花瓷器采用了郑和由西洋带回的特殊青料苏麻离青,纹饰描绘带有笔墨晕染的效果,这是后人模仿不来的。宣德青花蓝查体梵文出戟法轮盖罐是明代传世最著名的法器。明代皇帝都信奉宗教,宫中寺庙、皇家寺庙都要在佛前供奉法器,不少宣德青花法器留存至今。

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