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文物南迁争议:蔡元培力挺 鲁迅冷嘲热讽

2017-05-04 14:32:25   

4 争议声中文物最终南迁

当年,仅从北平《世界日报》对古物南迁的跟踪报道来看,自第一批2018箱古物于1933年2月7日出发,2月9日即抵达南京之后,南迁古物终将迁往何处的相关报道几乎天天见诸报端,迁去洛阳的动议及计划,似乎一步一步将成为现实。但一个月后,1933年3月6日的报道,却给出了截然不同的最终去向:第一批古物中的1054箱运往上海,其余部分存南京行政院内。

当时的媒体报道故宫文物开始南迁

1933年2月,故宫博物院的文物装箱待运

至于古物为什么没有迁至洛阳,而仍按原计划迁往上海、南京等军政核心地区,则没有相关报道予以披露,蔡元培从中做过哪些努力,对古物南迁的策略有过怎样的坚持与调整,至今仍不十分清楚。但有一点可以肯定,蔡元培一直全力支持着古物南迁,并且凭借自己在国内文教界的号召力与影响力,让蒋介石、宋子文等当局高层人物对此予以高度关注,为古物南迁获得了更多的、来自国家权力顶层的强力支撑与资源保障。正是在当局高层人物的亲自过问之下,古物南迁去向的种种争论得以遏止,最终都以统一暂贮上海法租界及中央银行,再分批转运南京而尘埃落定。事实上,故宫及其古物保护的头绪纷繁,在当时国内军政各种势力交错之下,除了要为古物南迁出谋划策、铺平道路,蔡还要坐镇北平,为整个不可迁移的故宫及其遗存文物之保护,而四处奔走、呼吁呐喊。

就在蔡元培等通力协作之下,1933年5月23日,由故宫运抵上海的第五批古物,安全送达中央银行暂贮。在这最后一批古物运抵上海之前,北平的故宫及其文物保护工作并未中断,还有所加强。当年5月9日,蔡还向蒋介石致电呼吁,请其“勿在故宫内驻兵”,但同时又要求其为故宫安设防御工事,“免使代表国粹及伟大建设被破坏”。

一年之后,1934年4月4日,故宫博物院理事会首次会议在南京召开,一致推选蔡元培为理事长,并决定存沪古物中的部分文献档案运至南京保存。5月8日,蔡元培又在南京行政院,组织召开了首次故宫博物院常务理事会会议。除了审议人事任免、年度预算等,还特别提到彻底清查整理故宫的家底。而故宫文物保存库的建设经费,也增拨了二十万元,即刻可以开工。之后,蔡连任三届理事长,直到“七七事变”之后,日军占领北平,蔡才离开北平。就这样,他南北交驰,在动荡时局与战火绵延中,为故宫及其古物的守护全力以赴。

在蔡连任三届故宫博物院理事长期间,故宫博物院南京分院(中央博物院)正式成立,专为保存古物的库房也相继建成,南迁抵沪的故宫古物又分批转运南京。不久,“淞沪会战”爆发,南迁古物也因之开始了更为崎岖多舛的大迁徙,全力向更为偏僻、相对安全的西南方向分散保存;分批多路转运至长沙、贵阳、巴县、宜昌、重庆、乐山、成都等地贮存,直至抗战胜利,方才再次运回南京。而遗憾的是,这些负载着中华文化精魂的国宝,还在跋山涉水、辗转四方之际,蔡元培已于1940年3月5日在香港病逝,终未能亲自见证这些国之瑰宝百转千回的最后结局。

来源:北京晚报

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