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吸取教训定恰当政策 中国空气治污速度是英国2倍

2018-05-27 01:47:38   参考消息

原标题:美媒称中国空气治污速度是英国2倍:吸取教训制定恰当政策

参考消息网5月27日报道 美国环保协会网站5月17日刊登作者托马斯·施特克的文章,题为《中国是如何以超过后工业化时代的英国的速度治理空气污染的?》。文章称,刚刚过去的这个冬天,就在中国环保部--现已更名为生态环境部--对改善空气质量的三年新规划进行最后润色之际,北京见证了近期空气污染最低的一些日子。虽然趋势可喜,但是中国的空气污染水平仍然很严峻:据环保部估算,2017年中国城市年平均PM2.5的浓度为43微克/立方米,是世界卫生组织建议水平10微克/立方米的4倍。

文章称,尽管如此,中国净化空气的速度仍然比英国工业化革命之后要快。尽管已取得初步成果,可是中国仍然可以采取以市场为基础的鼓励措施,更加有效地改善空气质量。

文章列举了两国在各自工业化繁荣之后当即采取了哪些措施。

伦敦的空气质量离完美还有很大差距,但是距离当年人们死于“大烟雾”的日子已经有了很大进步。上世纪80年代初,中国主要城市的空气污染水平几乎与伦敦1890年工业革命巅峰时期一模一样。

文章称,区别在于改善空气质量的速度。中国空气污染水平下降的轨迹类似于90年前的伦敦,但是速度是伦敦的2倍。虽然中国近期历史的极端空气污染水平就工业化经济而言是常规现象,可是按照历史标准衡量,它治理污染的速度却非常快。

2006年至2010年,中国开始认真控制空气污染,限制各省的污染排放。依靠卫星统计数据,研究显示中国此次初次治理措施最终取得了成功,与2005年相比,全国二氧化硫排放减少了10%以上。

文章认为,尽管取得了初步成果,中国仍然可以更上一层楼:实施精心设计、基于市场的方案,即符合经济繁荣与环境保护相结合的国家战略的政策。或者,借用中国领导人的话,把“绿水青山和金山银山”结合起来。

比如,根据作者的研究,2006年至2010年期间,精心设计的省级“总量管制与交易”计划或许将空气污染成本降低了25%。预期实施的限制中国温室气体排放的部门排放交易系统表明中国政府探索吸取治理空气污染的经验教训,希望按照本国试行的以市场为基础的污染控制计划,将环保政策带入21世纪。

文章称,美国环保协会借助亲自实践的政策工作和研究,在促进空气污染治理方面发挥了重要作用。中国正处于环保政策的十字路口。近年来,统计数据质量已有改进。有了正确的政策,国家就能控制空气污染,而空气质量的改善通常与经济繁荣相辅相成。

文章指出,中国和伦敦都还面临挑战。虽然已有重大改观,但是,伦敦人仍然生活在严重空气污染之下。最近一份关于伦敦空气污染的报告发现:伦敦并未接近达到世界卫生组织的标准。达标仍将是个挑战,一定程度上是因为导致空气污染的原因很复杂。因此,正如伦敦必须继续努力改善空气质量一样,北京也必须继续努力。但是,至少现在,双方可以互相学习。(编译/郑国仪)

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