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美媒:中国与荷兰将联手探索宇宙“黑暗时代”

2018-05-18 01:21:10   参考消息

参考消息网5月18日报道美媒称,5月21日,中国计划发射一颗卫星,这是一项重要但单调的任务。处在月球外一个有利位置的“鹊桥”卫星将为嫦娥四号登月探测器传输的数据提供中继。预计,嫦娥四号将在今年年底前在月球背面着陆。但“鹊桥”卫星搭载的一台由荷兰制造的无线电接收机会尝试一些更有远见的事情。在静谧的太空环境中,它将聆听低频的宇宙之声,这些宇宙之声携带着宇宙大爆炸后几亿年时间里的蛛丝马迹。当时,氢气云正在孕育宇宙的第一代恒星。

据《美国科学杂志》月刊网站5月16日报道,此次任务是为后续研究做理论铺垫,以便在大气层以外展开射电天文学研究,并使其远离尘埃干扰,因为大气层可阻断重要的无线电频率。美国麻省理工学院海斯塔克天文台的迈克尔·赫克特说:“把整个研究放到太空中极为吸引人。”他的研究团队在研发可用来探测宇宙的小型无线电卫星。对欧洲的天文学家而言,这也是对与中国合作的一次试验。

报道称,荷兰-中国低频探测器项目(NCLE)源于2015年荷方对华的一次贸易访问,其间两国同意在太空任务上进行合作。荷兰在射电天文学研究方面非常强,它的低频阵列(LOFAR)延伸到了北欧大部分地区。荷兰奈梅亨大学NCLE首席研究员海诺·法尔克一直主张在月球上搭建“LOFAR”。中国提出了一项雄心勃勃的登月任务计划,因此他抓住机会,迈出了第一步。他说:“大家在两周内一起提出方案。”该团队在获得资金后,仅用了一年半就制造出这台无线电接收机。负责领导NCLE中方团队的中科院国家天文台研究员平劲松说:“这对双方确实具有挑战性……不同的文化、习惯、语言、工作方式。”

报道还称,为了探究第一代恒星出现前的宇宙黑暗时代,天文学家还在寻找最早的中性氢中的电子自旋时发出的信号。这些光子一开始释放的是短波,但在经过130亿多年飞向地球之旅后,宇宙的膨胀使其波长被拉长。在中性氢聚集在一起形成第一代恒星后,它们的辐射电离了中性氢,并最终衰弱成微弱的信号。

报道指出,在日地拉格朗日L2点运行的“鹊桥”卫星,将提供一种更为静音的优势。美国科罗拉多大学天文学家杰克·伯恩斯称,为了向地球传递月球信号,“鹊桥”卫星不能完全处于月球的阴影中,这意味着地球噪音仍会是一个问题。

报道还指出,一旦“鹊桥”卫星抵达L2点,NCLE将等到嫦娥四号探测器完成主要任务之后再继续展开研究。嫦娥四号的主要任务包括探索南极-艾特肯盆地,这是一个巨大的洼地。然后,在2019年3月左右,嫦娥四号将释放3根2米长的碳纤维天线,每根天线都与其他天线成直角。

报道表示,NCLE中方团队有自己的计划。它已在嫦娥四号探测器上放置了基本接收器,而且为研究太阳射电爆发,还将由“鹊桥”向月球轨道释放两颗微卫星。平劲松说,其团队还将尝试将NCLE收到的信号与地球探测器获取的信号结合起来——这种技术被称为干涉测量法,可以提高分辨率。他说:“这是一次示范。它可以证明一旦探测器足够灵敏,干涉测量法就能帮助人们绘制出新生时期的宇宙。”

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