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北斗卫星为何能“自律”?秘密在控制系统

2017-11-08 05:12:17   科技日报

11月5日,我国北斗三号首批两颗卫星飞上了天。明年这个时候,它们将迎来十几位同伴,到2020年,北斗卫星的队伍将达到30多颗。

这支庞大的队伍一起工作,会不会有哪颗卫星“滥竽充数”或“擅离职守”?科技日报记者从中国航天科技集团五院了解到,“北斗”是一群“自律”的卫星,知道自己应该待在什么地方、做什么事情。这种自律,来自五院为它们研制的控制系统。

控制系统是卫星在天上保持正确轨道、正确姿态的总指挥。它能实时搜集卫星的轨道和姿态信息,一旦发现异常,就指挥卫星回到正常状态。

北斗三号的控制系统,能通过综合电子分系统与卫星敏感器执行机构交换信息并控制执行机构动作,完成卫星从星箭分离、在轨运行直至寿命末期各阶段的姿态控制和轨道控制。同时该系统还赋予了卫星一定的完全自主运行能力,即使地面测控站出现故障,它们也能在轨正常工作至少60天。这大大减少了卫星对地面站的依赖,实现了“可视”范围外的卫星控制,也降低了系统的运行管理成本。

此前卫星的遥测、遥控、姿轨控、电源、热控、载荷和星务等管理,通常分散在不同的处理单元分别完成。北斗三号控制系统采用“综合电子”体系架构,以中心管理单元为核心,构建了集散型分布式系统。其中,中心管理单元由五院自主研制,其管理职能几乎涵盖了卫星各个方面。如此架构带来了更复杂的管理,但也能减轻卫星重量、延长其寿命。

无论是姿态与轨道信息的计算,还是卫星的智能自主运行,都对控制系统的计算性能提出了极高要求。北斗三号控制系统采用了基于星敏感器+红外地球敏感器的自主导航算法,定时更新星上轨道数据,让卫星具备了自主获取轨道数据的能力。

普通卫星在进行位置保持时,可以进行喷气卸载,导航卫星工作时却不允许推进器喷气。为了保证北斗三号卫星在60天自主运行期间不会喷气卸载,五院研制团队完善和改进了控制系统的角动量管理和磁力矩器卸载功能,达到了任务要求。

此外,该控制系统还具备单机级和系统级故障安全设计,在星上资源有限的情况下,提高了北斗三号卫星的自主故障实时诊断和处理能力。

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