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美媒:中国扩大国际影响力面临五大挑战

2017-06-29 13:12:59   参考消息

原标题:美媒:中国扩大国际影响力面临五大挑战

参考消息网6月28日报道美国外交学者网站6月26日发表韩国延世大学中国研究院研究员金凯文章,题为《中国扩大国际影响力的五大挑战》。文章称,在中国日渐崛起并追求更全面地参与国际事务的背景下,国际话语权被视为软实力的一个越来越重要的组成部分,尤其是在中国面临“强大西方话语的遏制、压制和攻击”的情况下。中国学者张国祚认为,国际话语权具体是指一个国家在国际舞台上和各种外交场合中的主张的分量和影响力。

文章称,鉴于世界政治的多样性和复杂性,中国在争夺国际话语权的斗争中至少面临五大挑战,它们都是可能阻碍中国实现目标的重大问题:

第一,有一种观点认为,中国崛起天然带有一种“原罪”。

文章称,这种预想的偏见将中国崛起视为异端,认为其自然会打破西方主导秩序的稳定性,而且会轻视西方的普世价值观。有鉴于此,在国际活动中,中国必须寻求(而且事实上一直在寻求)更多的共同点,例如,提供更多的国际公共品。对中国而言,终极真理也许会证明这种“原罪”论的错误。

第二,对“基于规则”的制度的强调。

文章称,美国多次借重申“基于规则的国际秩序”来指责中国在国际事务中(例如在东海和南海争端中)不是一个好的参与者。当然,该秩序是二战后在美国的绝对领导下建立的。事实上,现行基于规则的国际秩序是非常排他的,是以美国的价值观和信仰为主导的。这种排他性正是中国在争夺国际话语权的斗争中应该反对的,但这将是一场艰苦的斗争。

第三,存在一种可以称之为“只见树木不见森林”的现象。

文章称,尽管中国在社会经济领域的许多方面都作出了重大贡献,但西方媒体有时仍会挑出个案并有意将其放大,以此评价中国整体。这尤其反映在西方与中国在人权问题上截然不同的观点上。在人权话语上,西方考虑和评价的是个体经历,有时也考虑政治因素,而中国主要关注的是国家的重大进步和成就。这些不同的叙事策略给中国在世界舞台上宣传自己的观点设置了障碍。

第四,“以小欺大”的挑战。

文章称,在国际政治中,一个大国也许会凭借其更大的国土面积和能力来欺负小国。但反过来也可能成立,即小国也可能对其相对弱势加以利用,因为大国的反应可能遭到国际社会的谴责。举例来说,南海争端中几个较小的声索方一直在加强对争议岛礁的控制,而相比之下,中国却更加克制。在中国寻求崛起的过程中,来自大国和较小邻国的复杂反应都应成为优先外交议程。

最后但同样重要的是,存在被过度赞扬的危险。

文章称,过度自信可能让中国无法对自身地位和形象有一个真实和清晰的认识,尤其是在外界认为,美国的相对实力正在下降,而且可能从其曾经具有绝对领导地位的国际舞台上“后撤”(至少是暂时“后撤”)的情况下。事实上,美国仍将寻求维持其领导地位,但也许会运用略有不同的战术和策略。作为一个仍在崛起中的大国,中国应该清晰地理解日渐增强的能力与适当的责任之间的关系。

责任编辑:杨晓晨 CN067
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