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最近,关于国内高校“篡改”、“延长”校史的讨论多了起来。不少大学将本来只有几十年、十几年甚至几年的校史,延长到了百年以上。
其实,说到中国高校的源头,这本来就是一个需要好好探讨的学术问题。由于历史原因,中国高校,特别是名校的历史往往蜿蜒曲折,很少有从一而终的情况。而在近现代,由于关于校庆、校史确立标准的缺乏,这更给了不少高校肆意“编造”历史的机会,中国高校校史的混乱情况,也就不可避免了。我们通过对全国1058所普通高校(台湾省除外)校史进行分析,一起来探究中国高校起源的问题。
本次统计样本为全国1058所普通高校(台湾省除外),数据来源为全国各高校官方网站给出的校史资料。根据统计,目前全国拥有百年历史(建校早于1917年)的高校一共有122所。其中,历史最悠久的是湖南大学,距今约有1041年,其次是海南省的琼台师范学院,距今312年。
上表高校排序以校史起点时间先后为序
一、中国百年高校,始于洋务兴于民国
翻阅中国高校校史,我们可以看出,我国大部分传承至今的百年高校的历史皆始于清末的“洋务运动”和后来的“维新运动”。前者创建的主要有著名“洋务派”领军人物盛宣怀创办的“北洋公学”(今天津大学,1895年建校,是中国第一所现代大学)和稍后的“南洋公学”(今上海交通大学、西安交通大学前身,1896年建校);后者创建的主要有“京师大学堂及其师范馆”(今北京大学,1898年建校和今北京师范大学,1902年建校)。这个时期建立的高校并不是中国社会内部和中国高等教育自身演进的逻辑结果,而是在外力的压迫下强行生成的。
其他一脉传承的百年高校,多半产生于中国大学发展的第一个“黄金时期”,“北洋军阀”时代和中华民国时代,当时出现了一大批世界著名的大学。如国立浙江大学(今浙江大学,1897年建校)、国立清华大学(今清华大学,1911年建校)等著名学府以及由著名民主爱国人士创办的复旦大学(1905年建校)、金陵大学(今南京大学的重要组成部分,1888年建校)等著名学府和由外国教会创办的同济大学(1907年建校)等著名学府。
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