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环保部发布年度十大雾霾谣言:雾霾能堵死肺泡?

2016-12-31 00:24:11   法制晚报

“汽车尾气比空气干净10倍,机动车对雾霾的贡献并没有那么大?”“北京因雾霾严重污染,空气中含抗生素耐药性细菌。”近来,随着今冬雾霾天气频发,一些谣言也趁势而起,究竟真相如何?记者30日晚从

北京市环保局

获悉,针对今年以来个别媒体和部分公众对雾霾问题的认知误区,为回应社会关切、引导科学认知,环境保护部宣传教育中心和北京市环境保护宣传中心联合曝光“2016年度十大雾霾谣言”,并予以辟谣。

谣言一:微距镜头中的北京雾霾?

网传视频用4000流明灯光微距镜头下显示出的北京雾霾。视频中,一些细小颗粒四处飘散着,看着确实有点吓人。不少网友纷纷表示以前从来嫌憋的口罩这次一定要戴起来,也有网友观后评论“这样的空气吸进去要死人”。视频获得了近万转发。

真相:形成雾霾的雾滴、细颗粒物都是肉眼无法看到的,需要借助显微镜仪器。视频所见只是灰尘而已。

谣言二:汽车尾气比空气干净10倍,机动车对雾霾的贡献并没有那么大。

一段来自某汽车网站的视频中,在空气重污染天,一位戴着防毒面具的人,把空气质量检测仪伸到了一辆小汽车的尾气排放管口,PM2.5读数从接近500降到了48。得出结论:汽车尾气比雾霾天的空气要干净10倍。

真相:汽车尾气对pm2.5的大部分贡献是间接产生的,尾气中含有氮氧化物、挥发性有机物(VOCs)等物质,这些都是气体,不会反映在测量pm2.5的空气质量测试仪中。但是这些气体既是产生PM2.5的“原材料”,同时也是“催化剂”。在北京本地污染源中,机动车排放的污染物对PM2.5的贡献是31.1%,在非采暖季要占到40%。二次转化生成的有机物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐和铵盐,累计占PM2.5的70%。

谣言三:因为雾霾里存在硫酸铵才发布红色预警?

12月中旬以来,华北黄淮等地遭遇大范围雾霾天气,在持续性的雾霾阴影下,一些流言也开始在网上滋生。一则在网上流传甚广的消息称,“内部说这次雾霾里主要是含硫酸铵,本来不到红色预警的程度,但因为存在硫酸铵所以才到这个级别。提醒孩子们都不要出门。家里净化器长时间开启。多喝水。原来伦敦有次硫酸铵超标,有好多人没有防护而死亡。”

真相:按照《北京市空气重污染应急预案》规定,红色预警为预测连续4天及以上出现重度污染,其中2天达到严重污染;或单日空气质量指数(AQI)达到500。硫酸铵不是发布红色预警的标准。11月下旬发表在美国《国家科学院院刊》上的论文《从伦敦雾到中国霾:硫酸盐的持续性形成(Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese haze)》指出,在中国,农业氮肥和工业排放产生大量氨气污染,碱性的氨气促进了二氧化硫和氮氧化物的反应过程,形成大量硫酸铵,但也中和了酸性环境,使得中国雾霾在酸碱度上呈现中性。中国雾霾的中性酸碱度尽管并不意味着中国雾霾没有伤害,但不具有伦敦的酸性大雾那样强烈的急性毒性。硫酸铵急性毒性不大,伦敦雾致命元凶为高浓度二氧化硫。

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