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中德研究人员宣布破解北京雾霾主要成分形成之谜

2016-12-22 13:19:06   新华网

新华社华盛顿12月21日电(记者林小春)中德两国研究人员21日说,他们破解了北京及华北地区雾霾最主要组分硫酸盐的形成之谜,发现在大气细颗粒物吸附的水分中二氧化氮与二氧化硫的化学反应是当前雾霾期间硫酸盐的主要生成路径。这一发现凸显在继续实施减排措施的同时优先加大氮氧化物减排力度对缓解空气污染问题的重要性。

近年来,北京及华北地区雾霾频发。已有研究表明,硫酸盐是重污染形成的主要驱动因素。在绝对贡献上,重污染期间硫酸盐在大气细颗粒物PM2.5中的质量占比可达20%,是占比最高的单体;在相对趋势上,随着PM2.5污染程度上升,硫酸盐是PM2.5中相对比重上升最快的成分。因此,硫酸盐的来源研究是解释雾霾形成的关键科学问题。

清华大学贺克斌院士、张强教授、郑光洁博士和德国马克斯·普朗克化学研究所的程雅芳教授、乌尔里希·珀施尔教授、苏杭教授等人当天在新一期美国《科学进展》杂志上报告说,他们运用外场观测、模型模拟及理论计算等手段发现,在北京及华北地区雾霾期间,硫酸盐主要是由二氧化硫和二氧化氮溶于空气中的“颗粒物结合水”,在中国北方地区特有的偏中性环境下迅速反应生成。颗粒物结合水是指PM2.5在相对湿度较高的环境下潮解所吸附的水分。

该结论与通常认为的硫酸盐形成机制有较大不同。现有基于欧美等地区的经典大气化学理论认为,硫酸盐主要是在云水环境中形成,由于云中的液态水含量远高于颗粒物结合水,通常高出1000到10万倍,所以与云水中的硫酸盐生成反应相比,颗粒物结合水中的反应可以忽略;理论计算还显示,在云水反应路径中,二氧化氮氧化二氧化硫生成硫酸盐这一路径的贡献也可忽略不计。

而在北京及华北地区雾霾期间,一方面,由于颗粒物浓度大幅上升及静稳气象条件下相对湿度较高等原因,颗粒物结合水含量远高于经典情景,颗粒物结合水中的反应总量大大提升;另一方面,重度雾霾期间二氧化氮浓度为经典云水情景下的50倍以上,这直接改变了二氧化氮氧化路径的相对重要性。此外,北京及华北地区大量存在的氨、矿物粉尘等碱性物质使得当地颗粒物结合水的pH值远高于美国等地,呈现出特有的偏中性环境,而二氧化氮氧化机制的反应速率会随pH值上升而大幅提高。

研究人员据此在论文中指出,优先降低氮氧化物的排放可能有助大幅降低中国雾霾中的硫酸盐污染水平。

“该研究表明我国复合型污染的特殊性,”贺克斌院士对新华社记者说,“高二氧化硫主要来自燃煤电厂,高二氧化氮主要来自电厂和机动车等,而起到中和作用的碱性物质氨、矿物粉尘等则来自农业、工业污染、扬尘等其他来源。这些不同的污染源在我国同时以高强度排放,导致硫酸盐以特有的化学生成路径迅速生成,这也是重度雾霾期间颗粒物浓度迅速增长的主要原因之一。”

伦敦酸雾通常被认为是由燃煤排放的烟尘以及二氧化硫等一次污染物所致。洛杉矶雾霾则是一种光化学污染,主要原因是机动车尾气在阳光作用下反应生成了二次污染物。而中国雾霾是一次与二次污染物混合造成。

贺克斌说,这种复合型污染的特殊性更加表明了多污染物协同减排的重要性,尤其是现阶段应优先加大氮氧化物减排力度。“之前我们虽然知道需要减排,但是如果无法弄清重霾污染形成的关键化学机制,就无法进行有效的模型定量模拟分析,也就无法准确评估如何减排最有效、最科学。不科学减排可能导致严重后果,可能花了很多人力物力,但收效甚微。”

责任编辑:陈倩 CN030
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