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中国每年270万癌患死亡 治疗花费毕生70%积蓄

2016-12-15 10:20:55   

人民日报12月15日消息,当生命走到医疗的尽头,是选择继续与疾病“战斗”,还是接受事实从容地告别?现实中,很多人被迫在医院抢救到最后,还有很多人是被医院“赶”出,在无法言说的苦痛煎熬中离世。

很多国家把一个人最后几个月的生存时间,定义为生命末期。1967年,英国护士桑德斯给生命末期的病人创办了一处容身之所,专门疗护生命末期病人的“缓和医疗”由此诞生。上世纪70年代,缓和医疗在英国发展成为医学专科。近半个世纪后的中国,老龄人口超过2亿,晚期癌症、老年痴呆、高龄衰弱等慢病已成为死亡主要原因,但人们对缓和医疗仍非常陌生。截至目前,全国仅有146家机构有缓和医疗服务,其中大部分是社区卫生服务机构。而由于医保、药品政策不配套,即便开展了也不太顺畅,许多生命末期的病人无处可去。

这与中国医疗体系有关。世卫组织提出的缓和医疗三条原则是:重视生命并承认死亡是一种正常过程,既不加速也不延后死亡,提供解除临终痛苦和不适的办法。遵从病人意愿,缓和医疗不主张采用令人痛苦的有创救治方法,而是用一些方法解除疼痛和不适,比如用吗啡、心理疏导、音乐疗法、芳香疗法等。如果重症监护室一天费用为1.5万元,那么,采用缓和医疗服务的病人一天费用大约只需要1500元。虽然生命末期病人死亡是确定的,但时间不确定,而且不需要能“盈余”的有创救治,这对于身负死亡率、病床周转率、科室盈亏率等指标考核的医院来说难以接受。推诿生命末期病人,关闭缓和医疗病房,因而成为首选。

医院的不积极与人们对死亡讳莫如深的态度交织在一起,让缓和医疗在中国难以推进。即使是开辟了众多社区舒缓疗护病房的上海,说服人们接受死亡也并不容易。病人家属将这种感觉形容为“像把亲人丢下悬崖一样无力、绝望”。在生命末期,积极救治,延长生命非常重要。但也要看到,看起来高度发达的医学技术,面对死亡,很多时候依然束手无策。有调查显示,除了单纯地延长生命之外,重病患者主要关切还包括避免痛苦、加强与家人和朋友的联系、意识清醒、不成为他人的负担,以及实现其生命具有完整性的感觉。此时,技术已无法挽救“坠崖”的生命,不能熨帖“无力、绝望”的家人心灵,更不能实现病人的愿望。这样的情况下,缓和医疗服务就变得格外重要。

在文化相近的其他亚洲国家和地区,有一些很好的经验。亚洲首先采用缓和医疗的是日本,纳入医保后,大部分日本人选择通过缓和医疗步入死亡。台湾也将其纳入全民健保,当医生判断末期病人生命只有6个月时间,就会启动法律程序,病人预立医疗遗嘱,放弃有创抢救,进入安宁疗护阶段,然后音乐治疗师、营养师、临床心理学医师等会介入,彼此配合,使病人得以平静祥和地离去。

在中国,每年有270万癌症患者死亡,他们花掉了毕生70%以上的积蓄,占去了国家20%的卫生总费用。如果提供缓和医疗服务,他们家庭的负担会大大减少,能节省大量优质医疗资源,并能实现少痛、体面而有质量的“尊严死”。对于走向深度老龄化的中国来说,这不仅是医疗体系发展所需,更是对每一个生命的敬畏和尊重。

责任编辑:郭丽颖 CN045
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