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三年间中国大陆81名官员自杀 心理重压来自何处

2016-05-12 18:54:49   《廉政瞭望》

原标题:官员自杀背后的心理冲突

据不完全统计,2013年1月1日至2015年12月31日之间,中国大陆境内媒体至少报道了81例官员自杀事件。

官员对社会发展负有特殊责任,探究他们自杀的心理原因具有重要意义。根据自杀的扭力理论可知,当个体无法放弃两个冲突因素中的任何一个时,就会体验到心理痛苦,这就是“扭力”即“不协调的压力”。它包括不同价值观的冲突、愿望与现实之间的冲突、相对剥夺或相对贫困、应对危机技能的缺乏等。心理的痛苦和沮丧会迫使个体做出选择,极端的可能会通过自杀缓解扭力。

事实上,自杀官员不能承受的这些心理冲突,同样存在于很多在任官员的内心深处。

“官员”与“公民”的角色冲突:变成两面人

现代化对公共行政的一个重要影响是,“公共行政人员既是公民的雇员,又是公民中的一员”。一方面,官员掌握着公共权力,分配公共资源,这个角色要求官员行为符合行政道德规范。同时,在私人领域,官员也是“公民”,在私人领域也是“经济人”,行为受私人伦理文化指引。

如果公私领域不明确,两种角色冲突就会比较明显。在中国文化中,“官员”这一职业通常被赋予较高的道德含义,传统的官本位文化也使官员相对民众有着优越感。但对民众要求就没那么高,因此,一些官员常说“领导也是人嘛”,来为自己的不当行为开脱。这两种角色的冲突会使官员产生“公权私用”的冲动,也会让民众对官员道德产生较高期望,长期处在这两种角色冲突中的官员会产生心理应对机制,有可能变成“两面人”。

医学研究发现,随着个体年龄的增长,相互冲突的价值观可能在个体身上造成更大的压力,并与自杀意向呈显著相关。也就是说,如果长期处于“公共人”和“经济人”两种价值取向冲突中,且被内化后,就会产生不协调的压力。

忠诚于公共利益,还是“特定组织利益”?

“官员”与“公民”角色的二重性会产生冲突性义务,官员不仅是“公仆”,还是某一特定组织的“公务员”,后者容易受制于特定组织。当特定组织利益与公共利益发生冲突时,面临这种冲突的官员就会产生不协调的压力。比如政府部门利益化问题和公务员集体腐败问题中出现的冲突就属于此。

政府部门利益化,是指政府部门在执行政策中偏离公共利益导向,利用公共权力谋取少数人或小团体利益的倾向,并呈现出部门利益最大化,甚至法制化的特征。处于这些政府部门的官员就可能面临着忠诚于两种利益的伦理冲突,产生不协调压力,当这些压力达到特定程度,就可能导致官员自杀。

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