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海昏侯墓四大未解谜:“南昌”城名来自海昏侯?

2016-02-29 15:33:19   中国新闻网

青铜雁鱼灯

“南昌”城名到底从何而来? 考古队长讲述海昏侯墓四大未解之谜

北面中国第一大淡水湖鄱阳湖,东临江西省母亲河赣江,距省会南昌约1小时车程处,一位2000多年前经历曲折、身份成谜的王族曾安眠于此。而5年前,一伙儿盗墓贼搅扰了这里的宁静,也让一座规模最大、内涵最丰富的汉墓——西汉海昏侯墓和其周围遗址完整的都邑——海昏国,呈现在大家眼前。本周三,441组件海昏侯墓文物将亮相首博。就在上周末,海昏侯墓考古队领队杨军来到首博,为大家讲述了那些有关海昏国的未解之谜。

墓主人是不是汉废帝刘贺?僭越与否体现复杂身份

海昏侯墓主人的身份一直牵动着大家的视线。在此前的考古发现过程中,专家们认为海昏侯墓主人是曾经历王、皇、侯三种身份转变的第一代海昏侯刘贺的可能性最大。墓葬出土的超越列侯丧葬数量规制的编钟和长江以南地区唯一一座真车马陪葬坑让墓主人的身份显得格外尊贵和神秘。据杨军介绍,墓葬中也有许多与列侯标准相对应“未僭越”之处,这体现了墓主人身份和经历的特殊与曲折。

“这是一座典型的列侯墓,但又是一座特殊的列侯墓”,整个墓葬建在墎墩山山体上,封土高约7米,相当于汉代的3丈。“这个高度按照文献和文字材料记载,与列侯封土的高度是相对应的。”海昏侯与夫人采取同茔异穴的合葬形式,两人共用一个东西长100米、南北宽40米、总面积4000平方米的礼制性高台建筑,由东西厢房、寝、祠堂构成。“其中,‘寝’一般发现在帝陵里,是安放墓主人神牌的地方。”寝和祠堂都是墓园的祭祀系统,寝边长10米,祠堂东西长14米,相当于汉代的6丈,“这与文献记载西汉祠堂的长度相吻合,可以说,海昏侯在最后下葬时并没有越制。”

海昏侯的墓室是坐北朝南,在椁室周围的过道处做了特意的加工。刚刚开始发掘椁室时,杨军曾认为,墓内很有可能会出现西汉帝王陵寝椁室四周用柏木堆垒成的框形结构——“黄肠题凑”,“这是皇帝或经特许的贵族专用的下葬形式”。然而,经过进一步发掘,并没有在其中发现相应的构件,“相关建筑构件被改造为一个过道,据猜测,应该是原本准备用黄肠题凑,下葬时没敢用,最终放弃了。”

另外,侯夫人所在的2号墓的部分封土压盖在安葬着海昏侯的1号墓的边缘,据考古专家分析,这说明2号墓要晚于1号墓下葬,海昏侯先于侯夫人去世。“墓园的祭祀系统包括寝、祠堂和厢房最后性质的确认,都有待于今年的发掘工作进行下一步的研究。”

神秘5号墓主到底是谁?或为海昏侯之子

海昏侯墓是我国迄今发现的保存最好、结构最完整、拥有完备祭祀体系的西汉列侯墓园,其中主体以主墓、侯夫人墓为核心,还包括7个附葬墓及门、阙等高级礼制性建筑。“规模之宏大、设计之严密、结构之复杂、功能之清晰,被专家评价为西汉中晚期列侯等级墓室的典型标本。”

除了主墓以外,关于7座附葬墓也有一些争议。“根据帝陵及诸侯王的发掘材料,专家一般认为,墓园中其他的墓应该是属于侯妾们的。但其中,5号墓显得有些特别。”5号墓也是采取一棺一椁的下葬形式,但其中出土了一柄玉剑,让该墓穴属于海昏侯男性家族成员的看法也存在成立的可能性。

据记载,汉宣帝将刘贺贬斥海昏国,4年后被废为海昏侯的刘贺郁郁而终,本应由长子刘充国继承侯爵,但刘充国还未来得及受封就死了。不久,还没来得及承袭爵位的二儿子刘奉亲也死了。汉朝廷认为这是“天要亡昌邑”,便废除了海昏国。直到10年后汉元帝即位,才又封刘贺的儿子刘代宗为海昏侯。因此,有不少专家认为,这5号墓很有可能是属于那未能接到侯位的海昏侯之子的墓葬。

此外,在海昏侯墓中出土了数百件金器,数量之丰世所罕见。专家认为,这可能也与海昏侯死后先后两子没有接到侯位有关,“海昏国被废除,所有属于海昏侯的东西都要陪葬。当时可能没有料到,汉元帝时刘贺的小儿子还能接位。”杨军大胆猜测,海昏侯第二代的墓葬不会这么“光耀”。“5号墓棺椁已经套箱进入实验室考古阶段。目前还未开棺,我们也期待在其中能发现关于墓主人身份的直接信息,揭晓答案。”

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