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美媒:调查显示中国贫富失衡 但中产阶级安于现状

2016-02-01 07:38:08   环球网

美媒称,北京的研究机构有两项新研究表明,虽然中国民众依然安于现状——尽管并不总是十分满意——但民众不满情绪带来的一股持续暗流:收入、教育机会和医疗保健等领域的不平等。在经济继续疲软的情况下,这种社会压力可能会带来麻烦。

据美国《纽约时报》网站1月28日报道称,中国家庭追踪调查的2015年度报告称:“将来,中国社会将面临一系列严峻的挑战。”该报告由北京大学中国社会科学调查中心撰写。

“在我们国家财富总额迅速增长的同时,中国社会的不平衡日益突出。”报告中写道。“这不仅是体现在收入和财富两极化上,在教育、卫生和其他社会保障领域也能清楚地观察到不平等。”

报道称,这份报告提醒人们,还有更多的工作需要完成。报告根据一项年度调查的结果撰写,涵盖了逾3.5万名成人和1.3个家庭。

“这些问题需要得到有效的解决。”文中提出:“否则,它们很可能会威胁到社会稳定,成为社会经济发展的瓶颈。”

报道称,这项研究引起了不少反响。有新闻报道引用它的结论:中国收入最高的1%家庭拥有全国1/3的国内财富,而收入最低的1/4家庭只有1%。其实这一发现已在2015年的研究中体现了,而今年报告的重点是获得住房、教育和医疗服务的机会。

研究表明,家庭背景在决定人的教育水平中起到巨大作用,特别是父母的教育程度,这是所有社会共有的。

研究还发现,虽然对女生的歧视有所减弱,但这仍然是影响她们接受教育机会的重要因素。平均而言,男生上学年限比女孩多一年半。

报道称,对很多中国人来说,特别是农村和小城镇居民,医疗机会不平等也一直是滋生不满情绪的一个原因。这些地区的医疗保险覆盖面较窄,医生和医院也较少。

这项调查发现,中国政府在扩展医疗保险方面的努力起到了一定作用。越来越多的农村居民享受到了一些医保,但通常不及许多城市居民享有的政策优厚。而且,女性比男性获益少。

“女性、农村居民和低收入群体享有的医疗补贴较少,自付比例较高。”文中写道。

报道称,组成中国中产阶级的专业人士、管理人员、白领员工和业主既承载了国家领导人的希望,也代表了他们的焦虑。如果这群人的规模、收入和满意度增加,中产阶级可以持续成为社会的稳定支柱。

报道称,北京大学的研究说明,就目前而言,中国大多数中产阶级似乎在大多数情况下安于现状。研究发现,自认为属于社会“中上阶层”的应答者当中,60%对当地政府的表现持正面看法。相比之下,自认为属于最底层级的人当中,这一数据则为48%。

“比起工薪阶级,特别是国有部门的员工,中国中产阶级对于贫富差距、官员可信度和政府表现的评价更为正面。”文中写道。“中产阶层有望成为社会稳定力量。”

但这也有可能发生变化。中国社会科学院发布的覆盖逾3000人的另一项调查发现,中国中产阶级要比社会其他成员更积极地参与政治事务。

报道称,此项调查自2014年底开始进行了12个月,结果发表在社科院的2016年《社会蓝皮书》上。调查发现,北京、上海和广州的中产阶级应答者当中,42.%的人表示,会与身边人讨论政治。只有27.7%的非中产阶级成员做出同样表示。

责任编辑:李东舰 CN031
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