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采药浴兰驱五毒 端午节的卫生习俗

2018-05-30 11:39:10   中国网

原标题:采药浴兰驱五毒端午节的卫生习俗

采药

这是最古老的端午节俗之一。《夏小正》载:“此日蓄药,以蠲除毒气。”《岁时广记》卷二十二“采杂药”引《荆楚岁时记》佚文:“五月五日,竞采杂药,可治百病。”后魏《齐民要术•杂记》中,有五月捉蛤蟆的记载,亦是制药用。后来有不少地区均有端午捉蛤蟆之俗,如江苏于端午日收蛤蟆,刺取其沫,制作中药蟾酥;杭州人还给小孩子吃蛤蟆,说是可以消火清凉、夏无疮疖。还有在五日于蛤蟆口中塞墨锭,悬挂起来晾干,即成蛤蟆锭,涂于脓疮上可使消散。这种捉蛤蟆制药之俗,源于汉代“蟾蜍辟兵”之传说。又如湖北监利于端午“采百草”,亦采药草之俗。采药是因端午前后草药茎叶成熟,药性好,才于此日形成此俗。

沐兰汤

端午日洗浴兰汤是《大戴礼》记载的古俗。当时的兰不是现在的兰花,而是菊科的佩兰,有香气,可煎水沐浴。《九歌•云中君》亦有“浴兰汤会沭芳”之句。《荆楚岁时记》:“五

月五日,谓之浴兰节。”《五杂俎》记明代人因为“兰汤不可得,则以午时取五色草拂而浴之”。后来一般是煎蒲、艾等香草洗澡。在广东,则用艾、蒲、凤仙、白玉兰等花草;在湖南、广西等地,则用柏叶、大风根、艾、蒲、桃叶等煮成药水洗浴。不论男女老幼,全家都洗,此俗至今尚存,据说可治皮肤病、去邪气。

雄黄酒

饮蒲酒、雄黄、朱砂酒,以酒洒喷

《荆楚岁时记》:“以菖蒲(多年生草本植物,生在水边,地下有淡红色根茎,叶子形状像剑,肉穗花序。根茎可做香料,也可入药)或镂或屑,以冷酒。”蒲酒味芳香,有爽口之感,后来又在酒中加入雄黄、朱砂等。明谢肇淛《五杂咀》:“饮菖蒲酒也……而又以雄黄入酒饮之。”明冯应京《月令广义》:“五日用朱砂酒,辟邪解毒,用酒染额胸手足心,无会虺(古书上说的一种毒蛇)蛇之患。又以洒墙壁门窗,以避毒虫。”此俗流传较广。至今,如广西宾阳,逢端午时便有一包包的药料出售,包括雄黄、朱耒、柏子,桃仁、蒲片、艾叶等,人们浸入酒后再用菖蒲艾蓬蘸洒墙壁角落、门窗、床下等,再用酒涂小儿耳鼻、肚脐,以驱毒虫,求小儿平安。另外有的地区还用雄黄酒末在小孩额上画“王”字,使小孩带有虎的印记,以用虎辟邪。这些活动,从卫生角度来看,还是有科学道理的。雄黄加水和酒洒于室内可消毒杀菌,饮蒲洒也颇有益。

采茶、制凉茶

北方一些地区,喜于端午采嫩树叶、野菜叶蒸晾,制成茶叶。广东潮州一带,人们去郊外山野采草药,熬凉茶喝。这对健康也有好处。

端午还有许多辟邪、灭疫活动,与上述的卫生习俗有密切的联系。如以五色丝系臂,曾是很流行的节俗。汉代应助《风俗通义》有记:“五月五日,赐五色续命丝,俗说以益人命。”《荆楚岁时记》载:“以五彩丝系臂,名曰辟兵,令人不病瘟。”另外又有称长命缕、续命缕、辟兵绍、五色缕、朱索等。据说也是因屈原而起,可以驱除灾害。为什么五彩丝线有这么大的威力呢?在东晋葛洪的《抱朴子》中又记述有将五色纸挂于山中,召唤五方鬼神的巫术,大概是以五色象征五方鬼神齐来护佑之意,源于我国古代的五行观念。另外,可能源于古代南方人的文身之俗。《汉书•地理志》记越人“文身断发,以辟饺龙之害”。晋人刘义庆《世说》等书,记以五色丝缠绕粽子,以投入江中,为蚊龙所惮。虽系传说,却透出了一丝值得玩味的信息。五色丝系于臂上,或为文身遗俗,另外还有其他佩饰之物。比如,《太平御览》引《风俗通))佚文:“又有条达等织组杂物,以相赠遗。”条达,即彩色织丝带,亦与五色丝相行。又有佩赡赊以辟兵之俗(此俗久已失传,仅《太平御览》中有记载)。这些习俗传到后世,即发展成许多种漂亮好玩的香囊等饰物。如《东京梦华录))记北宋开封过端午要购,“百索、艾(多年生草木板物,叶子有香气,可入药,内服可做止血剂,又供灸法上用。也叫艾篙或蕲艾)花、银样鼓儿花”。是佩戴饰物。《武林旧事》记南宋杭州时赐予后妃诸臣:“翠叶、五色葵榴、金丝翠扇、真珠百索、钗符、经筒、香囊、软香龙诞佩带。”清《帝京岁时纪胜》:“幼女剪彩叠福,用软帛缉缝老健人、角黍、蒜头、五毒、老虎等式。”是在端午制小人形(由古代艾人发展而来)、粽子、蒜头、五毒、巷虎等形的小香囊佩戴。《清嘉录》中记有另一种健人:“市人以金银丝制为繁缨(古代帽子上系在领下的带子)、钟铃诸状,骑人于虎,极精细,缀小钗为串,或有用铜丝、金箔为之者,供妇人插鬃,又互相献赉,名曰健人。”妇女也于髻上戴艾,插石榴花朵,既可驱邪,又兼装饰。

一贵阳市民准备的端午佳品。大蒜在端午节里有着与菖蒲,艾草一样的地位,被视作“驱鬼避邪”的利器。

在端午设置种种可驱邪的花草,来源亦久。最早的如挂艾草于门,《荆楚岁时记》:“采艾以为人,悬门户上,以禳毒气。”这是由于艾为重要的药用植物,又可制艾绒治病,灸穴,又可驱虫。五月艾含艾油最多,(此时正值艾生长旺期)所以功效最好,人们也就争相采艾了。除采艾扎作人外,也将艾扎作虎形,称为艾虎,《荆楚岁时记》注文云:“以艾为虎形,或剪彩为小虎,帖以艾叶内人争取戴之。”同时也在门上挂蒲束及葛蒲削的蒲剑,蒲束扎的蒲龙。《帝京岁时纪胜》:“(端午)插蒲龙艾虎。”《清嘉录》卷五:“戴蒲为剑,割蓬作鞭,副以桃梗蒜头,悬于床户,皆以却鬼。”桃梗是辟邪之吉物,蒜头被认为是象征武器铜锤,与蒲剑、蓬鞭相配,以赶却鬼祟。另外还焚烧艾蒿等以驱赶蚊蝇。在湖南、浙江等地则采葛藤挂于门相上,传说葛藤是锁鬼的铁链子,可驱鬼辟邪。

与采药、采艾蒲等相联系的有蹋百草、斗百草等游戏,是古人往野外游艺之遗俗。后来发展成为插花等装饰艺术。

民间认定的五毒,“驱除”五毒是端午节的重要活动

民间认为五月是五毒(蝎、蛇、蜈蚣、壁虎、蟾蜍)出没之时,民间要用各种方法以预防五毒之害。一般在屋中贴五毒图,以红纸印画五种毒物,再用五根针刺于五毒之上,即认为毒物被刺死,再不能横行了。这是一种辟邪巫术遗俗。民间又在衣饰上绣制五毒,在饼上缀五毒图案,均含驱除之意。

倒灾葫芦

端午也以桃印为门饰。桃是民俗中驱鬼之物,源于神荼、郁垒之神话,以桃刻印,亦为祛攘之意。《续汉书•礼仪志》:“朱索、五色桃印为门户饰,以止恶气。”后世的昧符、吉祥葫芦即源于此。《梦粱录》卷三:“士官等家以生朱于午时书‘五月五日天中节,赤口白舌尽消灭’之句”,这是宋代之俗。《燕京岁时记》又记:“端阳日用彩纸剪成各样葫芦,倒粘于门阑上,以泄毒气。”这是清代之俗。有的还在纸葫芦上垂丝穗、飘带等,更为好看,或在葫芦中剪出五毒形状,挂贴于门,亦表示将五毒之气泄尽之意,你为“倒灾葫芦”。

至今民间仍有悬镜于门以避邪之俗。在唐代,专于五月五日午时于扬州扬子江心铸铜镜,以进贡皇帝,称为“天子镜”,这也是辟邪之意(见《唐国史补》)。所以后世多于门前挂镜驱邪。

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