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生孩子这件事有些“男人们”竟然可以独立完成!

2018-05-16 10:57:40   新浪科技

你知道吗?母亲节可不是female的专利哦!在《西游记》中,唐僧师徒四人途径女儿国时,误饮了子母河的水,便觉腹中作痛,上演了一场男人怀孕的奇遇。当然这只是神话小说,而在自然界或人类的干预下,有些雄性确实可以“生孩子”。

海马爸爸:自己生子更放心些

海马,属刺鱼目海龙科,因头部弯曲呈马头状而得名。雄海马腹部具有育儿囊,而雌性却没有

每年的5月到8月,是海马的繁殖期。两只发情的海马会来到海草中,尾部缠绕在一起转个不停,并不断变换着身体的颜色。不久之后,雄海马把海水注入腹部的育儿囊,育儿囊吸水膨胀张开,雌海马趁机插入输卵管,迅速排入约两百个卵子。随后雄海马的肚子大了起来,只得找根海草躲起来待产。

在孕育的过程中,雄海马的体内分泌了大量的催乳素,只是雄海马并不会分泌乳汁,而只是为育儿囊装满氧气。卵在育儿囊中受精,受精卵分裂后育儿囊内壁的疏松结缔组织伸出一些突起包裹起胚胎。同时在结缔组织内有大量的毛细血管出现,这些变化都有利于胚胎和成体之间进行物质交换。育儿囊为胎儿营造了类似海水的液体环境,使得小海马一出生就可以适应周围的海洋。

“怀胎俩月”的爸爸终于要卸下包袱,发育成熟的海马宝宝开始大量孵化,成百上千的小海马从雄海马的育儿囊中“井喷”而出。

图1海马产子(图片来源:https://www.cqtimes.cn/)

从理论上讲,雄性的使命是为了繁殖更多的后代。比起把儿女托付给雌性,雄海马可能觉得放在自己的肚子里更放心些吧。

不过说到底雄海马不过是抢了雌性的工作,充当着代孕的角色罢了,而有些“男人”更厉害,不要雌性照样生的出孩子。

花粉:离体培养成单倍体

在时间的长河里,地球上各式各样的生命不过都是昙花一现罢了。通过生殖,生物可以将DNA传给后代,从而使种群得以延续。

除了我们熟知的有性生殖,在自然条件或人为作用下还存在一些特殊的有性生殖方式。

正常的有性生殖是由受精卵开始,但在特殊情况下精子或卵细胞可以不经结合而各自直接发育成形,这种方式叫做单性生殖。由单性生殖而来的个体,仅具有原生物体一半的染色体组数,因此被称作单倍体

由卵细胞直接发育成个体的方式称作孤雌生殖;由精子直接发育成个体的方式则称作孤雄生殖。

孤雌生殖在生物界较为常见,蜜蜂、蚜虫、锤头鲨,都有孤雌生殖的现象,自然条件下许多植物不经过受精作用就能产生无籽果实。而相比之下,孤雄生殖却极为罕见。

被子植物的雄蕊由着生在花丝上的花药构成,花药的囊中装满了的“花粉粒”,而精子就来源其中。

图2被子植物花蕊结构(图片来源:https://www.51wendang.com/)

以植物花药(粉)培养为基础的单倍体育种,可以缩短育种周期,创造遗传和育种的新材料,具有十分重要的意义。

但自然界产生单倍体的频率却很低,仅在0.001%~0.01%之间

直到1964年,印度科学家首次从茄科植物毛曼陀罗的离体花药中成功诱导出单倍体植株,这一方法引起了科学界的关注,在各国科学家的努力下,花药(粉)培养产生单倍体植株的技术日趋成熟。

花粉粒可以通过两种方式产生单倍体植株:

由花粉分裂形成胚状体,再由胚状体形成植株。

由花粉分裂形成愈伤组织,再由愈伤组织分化出根和芽,进而形成植株。

在花粉离体培养中,人为改变了花粉粒的发育途径,使其配子体发育途径终止,转向孢子体发育。因此严格来讲,花粉培养并不是完全意义上的孤雄生殖。

孤雄生殖技术

与植物相比,动物界的孤雄生殖在自然界中极为罕见,人工试验也是步履维艰。脑洞大开的科学家们,竟想到利用牛的精子进行孤雄生殖,实现“公鸡下蛋”的神话。

什么是孤雄生殖技术

孤雄生殖技术主要是指将两个精子移植到去核的卵母细胞中,进一步促进其活化和胚胎发育。

孤雄生殖的神奇之处在于计划生育,即可以人为控制性别

若用两个X精子作为供体,可产生雌性后代。

若用一个X精子和一个Y精子作为供体,则可产生雄性后代。

为何要研究孤雄生殖技术?

我国每年要从国外引入优良品种家畜,用于改善地方品种。优良公畜个体的引进往往耗费大量人力财力,而引进优良公畜的精液较为容易。

但问题是以受精方式产生的后代中只有一半遗传物质来自精液,久而久之容易陷入“引种—维持—退化—再引种”的恶性循环。体细胞克隆技术是解决问题的一种途径,但因生产上的局限性不能得到广泛应用。而“孤雄生殖技术”为解决这一问题提供了可能。

基因组印记——孤雄生殖的障碍

哺乳动物为二倍体生物,即具有两套遗传物质,一套来自母方,一套来自父方。相应的,基因也是两个拷贝。一般情况下基因的两个拷贝都可以表达,但在某些特殊情况下只有母源或父源一方的基因可以表达,而另一方的基因无法表达。这种现象称作基因组印记,这种被“烙上印记”的基因称作印记基因。

而哺乳动物胚胎的正常发育则需要父源和母源基因组的共同参与:

父源基因组主要参与胚外组织的发育

母源基因组主要参与胎儿的形成与发育

两者分工合作,缺少任意一方,胚胎都无法正常发育。

在哺乳动物早期原核移植试验中,科学家将小鼠的精子和卵母细胞结合后形成含有一个雌原核和一个雄原核的野生型合子,而后将合子中的雄原核替换成雌原核,得到双雌核胚胎,将合子中的雌原核替换成雄原核,得到双雄核胚胎。

实验表明雌核胚胎与雄核胚胎均发育异常。

因此,基因组印记被认为是哺乳动物双雌核发育胚胎、双雄核发育胚胎发育异常的主要原因。

图3原核移植试验(图片来源:肖遥等,2009)

印记基因的表达调控是解决孤雄生殖胚胎发育难题的关键。未来这一问题必将使孤雄生殖的研究迈向新的高度!

参考资料:

[1]肖遥,李想,张鑫,等。家畜动物引种新思路:孤雄生殖研究应用前景[C]//中国奶业协会全国牛病防治学术研讨会。2009。

[2]Beekman M, Good G, Allsopp M H, et al。 A non-policing honey bee colony (Apis mellifera capensis)[J]。 Die Naturwissenschaften, 2002, 89(10):479-482。

[3]Barton S C, Surani M A, Norris M L。 Role of paternal and maternal genomes in mouse development。[J]。 Nature, 1984, 311(5984):374-376。

[4]Mcgrath J, Solter D。 Completion of mouse embryogenesis requires both the maternal and paternal genomes。[J]。 Cell, 1984, 37(1):179。     

[5]Norris M L。 Development of reconstituted mouse eggs suggests imprinting of the genome during gametogenesis。[J]。 Nature, 1984, 308(5959):548-550。

[6]Surani M A H, Barton S C, Norris M L。 Development of reconstituted mouse eggs suggests imprinting of the genome during gametogenesis[J]。 Nature, 1984, 308(5959):548。

[7]Svensson M, Johansson L B。 Anther culture of Fragaria X ananassa: environmental factors and medium components affecting microspore divisions and callus production。[J]。 Journal of Pomology & Horticultural Science, 1994, 69(3):417-426。


来源:科学大院

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