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【环球网军事9月21日报道环球时报记者田聿科京】俄罗斯与白俄罗斯举行的“西方-2017”联合演习接近尾声,北约一直宣称这场跨国演习的规模浩大、参演兵力多,加剧了地区紧张局势。但熟悉历史的人都知道,让北约紧张的另一个原因是这场演习延续了苏联时代直指北约的“西方”系列演习的称谓,其寓意不言而喻。尤其是36年前那场规模空前的“西方-81”演习,北约观察员目睹苏军钢铁洪流如何在8天内“横扫欧洲大陆”的那场演习,堪称机械化战争时代的巅峰。
资料图:俄制洲际导弹
苏联准备的“崭新对抗”
让我们把日历翻回充满竞争与冲突的1980年,美国还未完全走出越战失败的“精神泥潭”,而苏联的整体国力达到巅峰,冷战态势呈现出难得的“苏攻美守”。苏联决策者们面临一个颇具诱惑力的选择,苏联有可能在不与敌人同归于尽的前提下,迅速占领北约西欧国家,“一举拔除美帝国主义在欧洲大陆的‘侵略桥头堡’”,把美苏对峙前线从东西德边境推进至大西洋岸边。
就在此时,高呼“美国复兴”口号的共和党领袖里根入主白宫,多次在公开场合表示要给“苏联扩张主义”颜色看看。被激怒的苏联决心组织一次空前规模的超级演习,在宣传苏联军事学术发展和装备水平提高的同时,提醒美国搞清楚“究竟谁是欧洲的主宰者”。
很快,代号“西方-81”的演习方案就从高级军官的设想变成复杂而可执行的诸兵种合成战役行动预案。本次演习的总策划是时任苏联国防部副部长兼总参谋长的奥加尔科夫元帅。这位老将于1979年就在全球率先提出以电子计算机为核心的新军事革命构想。奥加尔科夫期望的“理想军事指挥控制体系”不仅要链接到每个师或者团,还要覆盖到每个将军、军官和士兵,提供最准确和精细的信息,支持他们做出最合适的决策。奥加尔科夫率领一批年富力强的参谋们,结合苏军从“西方-79”演习以及阿富汗战争中获得的经验,夜以继日地工作,对“西方-81”演习进行了精心规划。
北约观察员目瞪口呆
1981年9月14日,“西方-81”演习在苏联西部(今俄罗斯西部、白俄罗斯全境、波罗的海三国)、波兰东部和北部以及东德等广大地域全面展开,动用兵力12.8万人,各型坦克1500辆、装甲车和步兵战车2000辆,此外还有空降兵两个师、战略火箭军和陆军火箭炮兵4个师、海军1个舰队和3个陆战团参加。除苏联领导人勃列日涅夫外,所有苏联、波兰及东德的党政军要员均亲临现场观摩,足见对该演习的重视。
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