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笪志刚:亚洲一体化有巨大想象空间

2018-05-31 10:32:50   环球时报

原标题:笪志刚:亚洲一体化有巨大想象空间

从区域一体化、政策融通、外交和战略协调、经济和贸易联系、区域和世界影响等多个维度看,当今世界,欧盟和北美是当之无愧的佼佼者。上世纪50年代开始一体化胎动的欧盟,上世纪90年代开始自贸区摸索的北美,为我们呈现了依托认知感和归属感、高度一体化的区域整合经验、成熟的合作制度和相互依赖的自贸机制,其外交和战略的趋同性努力、区域规划的共存共荣设计、争端解决机制的风险控制、文化的包容与统合理念等,为亚洲如何抱团崛起既有新鲜借鉴,也有前车之鉴。

如果说欧盟和北美的一体化已迈向3.0和2.0版,亚洲今天尚显稚嫩的一体化无疑还是1.0版,所不同的是,随着亚洲站在世界一体化的舞台中央,扮演自贸和区域合作的主角,亚洲特色的一体化未来潜力之大,其对人类社会发展的启示将远超想象。强大的亚洲经济体量不仅要能推动经贸整合,还要推动区域理念融通,并落实到战略理解、外交协调和格局重塑,提升亚洲区域的归属感与认知感,引领亚洲构筑高度一体化的合作机制,形成能与欧盟和北美媲美的亚洲共同体。

从经贸一体化的现实基础和潜力角度,亚洲一体化建设并非空中楼阁,已具备相应优势及有利条件。一是亚洲已成为21世纪全球经济的重心,贸易占世界1/3,GDP占40%,外汇储备占70%,对世界经济贡献超过60%,“亚洲世纪”并非空穴来风,未来时间可以验证;二是区域内中日韩印俄等单体国家在全球经济地位不断提高,仅中国对世界经济的贡献就已超过30%,国家崛起带动区域崛起,亚洲拥有这个底气;三是中国东盟FTA、中日韩FTA、RCEP、CPTPP等已建或拟建的一些通商合作机制,对区域乃至全球的影响力不断扩大,“一带一路”、亚太自贸区、亚洲命运共同体等理念、倡议不断赢得支持,俄罗斯“向东看”、欧美向亚太平衡都折射了上述影响之大。

从塑造高水平一体化面临的挑战角度,亚洲一体化建设是一项艰苦的工程,还面临很多现实困难。一是与区域的经济影响力与日俱增相比,亚洲在外交上还缺乏协调统一的区域声音,遇有纠纷和矛盾时外交口水战不时涌现。在战略上还缺乏兼顾各方利益的统筹规划,一些设计尚不能惠及多数国家,一些理念还充满竞争和遏制思维。二是在制度设计上还存在重经贸、轻外交,重国家、轻区域,重商业、轻文化等短视思维,一些政治协调或为服务经济或为提升竞争力而生。三是在外交、主权与文化上过分追求国家主义和多样性的亚洲基因,与高度一体化要求的区域经济、文化乃至政治统合相互排斥,出现了亚洲经济日渐活跃,外交和战略协商难度却加大,人文交流不断扩大,文化沟通却无法有效投影到一体化合作上来的乖离现象。

从构建独具特色的一体化路径角度,亚洲一体化建设迎来诸多契机,给夯实高水平的一体化路径带来积极变量。一是在外交和战略谋划上树立“大亚洲”理念,在尽量顾及国家利益的同时,还需齐心协力传递亚洲声音,释放亚洲主张,2014年中国提出的亚洲安全观和今年5月举行的中日韩领导人会议就是很好的尝试。二是在理念上建立亚洲命运共同体的意识与共识。洲际一体化行稳致远需有共同认可的理念为基础,亚洲命运共同体的愿景符合多数国家的发展诉求,亚洲区域合作依托命运共同体理念,向经济共同体乃至向命运共同体的转型势在必行。三是形成亚洲归属感和一体化认知。放眼亚洲,区域博弈向缓和及对话转圜迹象明显,让客观、理性和包容为基点的归属感和认知感成长空间陡然加大,也让共通的文明意识为引领、多样化的文化为基础的一体化文化意识趋同变得日渐可能。

未来亚洲能否实现甚至超越欧盟那样的高度一体化模式,能否创造超越北美自贸机制的亚洲模式?答案是肯定的,这只是时间的问题。答案又是小心的,因为处于一体化进程中的亚洲,还面临很多双边和多边、域内和域外的不利因素,日益增长的经济影响还需放大到一体化的具体理念与合作磨合中去,一些矛盾和挑战短期内并不容易克服,还需智慧、勇气及担当。但在区域合作洪流推动下的趋势一旦形成,谁又能阻挡得住呢?(作者是黑龙江省社会科学院东北亚研究所所长、研究员)

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