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干细胞能让人延年益寿?还没谱呢!

2018-05-25 11:18:01   新京报

原标题:干细胞能让人延年益寿?还没谱呢!

近日,有四名富豪在中介公司组织下远赴乌克兰接受“胚胎干细胞”治疗,注射一针干细胞花费约60万元人民币。对此,中科院院士周琪在近日举行的2018年全国科技周活动上表示,“打针的富豪们所说的手脚发热、食欲提升等等,感觉好像‘提高了免疫力’,这与当年在我国流行的鸡血疗法、喝尿疗法本质上没有区别,都是伪科学。”

干细胞是一类具有自我复制或修复能力的多潜能细胞,在人和动物的身上有多种功能和表现,例如蝾螈的断肢再生,人的血液更新(由造血干细胞完成)等,因此干细胞被人们寄予很大的期望,尤其是在治疗疾病方面。

人们也寄希望于用干细胞延年益寿,几位富豪去国外注射干细胞就是这种想法的体现。但在现有的科技条件下,注射干细胞并不能使人延年益寿。

注射干细胞还须注意排异反应

基于干细胞研究的伦理和规定,国际上不允许使用人的超过14天的胚胎组织和细胞,即胚胎干细胞。

乌克兰的干细胞注射采用的是流产胎儿的干细胞。流产胎儿的干细胞可能有多种月份,从1个月到7个月,所以不同月份流产胎儿的干细胞功能性就有很大差异。7个月胎儿已经基本发育成形,因此其干细胞的全能性要大打折扣,1个月胎儿干细胞的全能性则比较好。

问题是,人的年轻化是全身性的。这些胎儿干细胞即便注射进富豪的血液内,也顶多是丰富了其血液中的干细胞,难以通过血液循环分布到全身各组织器官去修复和补充各处的衰老细胞,从而让人全面地变得年轻起来,包括运动、神经、消化等诸系统的年轻化。

还有一种方法就是对全身各处选择性地注射干细胞,让不同部位的组织和细胞变得年轻起来。

目前这样的操作只是治疗某一部位的疾病,如眼部的黄斑变性就是在眼部相当位置注射(移植)干细胞。因此,对全身各个部位注射干细胞的操作极难,也难以获得全身各组织器官的全面和均匀的更新或修复。此外,外源性干细胞会受到机体免疫系统的排斥。对器官移植而言,除了组织配型必须相同外,还要靠服用药物抑制排异反应。对于异源性干细胞注射(移植)也受到免疫排异反应的制约。

事实上,此次的富豪注射干细胞已经引起了排异反应,即手脚发热、面色红润、食欲提升等。这并非是干细胞让人年轻的效果,而是免疫反应的现象或症状,是机体排斥异物(胎儿干细胞)并对自身进行保护的反应。

所幸几位富豪注射的干细胞剂量不大,否则引发的免疫排异反应会更强烈,严重者还会丧命。

自身诱导分化干细胞或可延年益寿

但这指出了一个方向,如果利用自身诱导分化的干细胞或许可以避免排异反应,达到治疗疾病和延年益寿的目的。诱导多能干细胞就是如此,日本的山中伸弥团队利用逆转录病毒载体向小鼠的两种成体细胞转入四个基因产生了类似小鼠胚胎干细胞的特征,即诱导多能干细胞,由此获得2012年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

此后,各种诱导的干细胞就开始进入基础和临床试验。例如美国研究人员用患者自身的脂肪细胞制作成诱导多能干细胞以治疗黄斑变性。尽管避免了免疫反应,但治疗效果并不理想,3名病人在治疗后都失明。

由于干细胞治疗的风险极大,2012年1月,原卫生部叫停中国大陆境内所有的干细胞治疗活动。2015年7月,原国家卫生计生委、国家食药监总局颁布了《干细胞临床研究管理办法(试行)》,明确了干细胞临床治疗的前期化标准。至此,干细胞临床治疗试验才在中国有序开展。

这意味着,将来即便可以用人自身的细胞产生诱导多能干细胞来治病和延年益寿,而且其优点在于不会诱发免疫排异反应,但效果也需要循证观察和实证。

其最大困难是,少量的或部分干细胞不可能达到让全身各组织器官均匀更新和年轻的目的。如果该技术成果替代现有的繁衍规律,那就要重新定义生命。

因此,在现有科技手段之下,能让生命延年益寿的方式仅是:合理膳食、适量运动、戒烟限酒和心理平衡。

□张田勘(学者)

责任编辑:CN066
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