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俄罗斯再发展仍需迈过几道坎

2017-10-26 16:40:03   环球时报

俄罗斯总统普京周二在“俄罗斯在召唤”年度国际投资论坛上表示,俄罗斯经济已经摆脱停滞,复苏呈现稳定迹象。

21世纪的最初8年,是苏联解体后俄罗斯经济恢复与发展的黄金时期。普京担任总统后,以铁腕手段治理国家,创造了发展经济的稳定社会条件。同时,国际市场原油价格不断上涨。有经济学家统计,21世纪的前8年,俄罗斯赚取的石油美元约为1万亿。同时,与此捆绑的国际大宗商品的价格也居高不下,为俄罗斯同样带来了巨额外汇。然而,这些财富除了偿还苏联时期和上世纪90年代形成的1500亿美元左右的外债,建立了总值最高为1000亿美元的稳定基金外,国家财政收入基本用于提高各阶层福利,大幅度提高军费以及中央政府资助联邦主体等三个领域。可以说,中央政府已经没有财力来推行经济结构的优化,更没有真正实施制订多时的创新经济计划。

特别应该提到的是2003年10月的霍多尔科夫斯基事件,它标志着“再国有化”的重新开始。时至今日,联邦中央和联邦主体掌握的国有经济,加上实际上也属国有但由市一级政府管理的自治体经济,在整个国家经济体系中占比接近70%,真正的民营经济绝大多数是小或者微小企业,占比仅为15%左右。“再国有化”造成的一个最大问题是产权的不安全性,使得外国投资裹足不前,国内民营企业更是如此。加之对国有经济的行政化管理,造成了经济效益低下,技术进步和结构优化进展缓慢,企业投资严重匮乏的总体局面。

上述诸因素不仅导致了俄罗斯经济在2008年的金融风暴中不堪一击,经济下降幅度达到7.8%,是全球万亿美元经济体中下降幅度最大的。而且,更严重的是,危机后明显的复苏乏力暴露出俄罗斯经济内生动力的严重不足。2010-2012年,俄罗斯经济的增长幅度分别为5.4%、4.3%和3.4%。然而,到2013年,即远在与乌克兰发生冲突并导致国际制裁以及石油价格下降之前,俄罗斯的经济增长就已放缓至1.3%。

普京显然已经认识到了这一问题。同样是在周二,普京说,俄罗斯需要通过技术的改进和生产现代化来提高劳动生产率,还应创造更有利的商业环境来吸引投资。

除了国内经济问题,乌克兰危机也对俄罗斯的发展形成双重打击。其一是美欧联手进行的经济制裁断绝了俄罗斯在欧美的融资渠道和先进技术来源,导致俄罗斯在金融危机之后出现了时间更长的第二次经济衰退,进一步拉大了俄罗斯与国际产业技术水平的差距。其二,俄罗斯的军事援助挽救了在2014年8月末面临全军覆没的乌东部两个州的地方武装,使乌东战场保持了相对均势,但也因此背上了沉重的包袱。俄罗斯从2015年7月开始向拥有大约700万人口的两个州派出人道主义救援车队,起初为每月每队超过100辆重型卡车的两个车队,后来减少为每月一个车队。2017年2月18日,普京签署总统令宣布乌东这两州居民可以持本地有效身份证件免签证进入俄罗斯,这个被欧盟理解为吞并乌东两州前奏的举措,实际上是俄罗斯不堪援助之重,希望在本国境内接纳两州俄族居民以减轻援助负担。

化解乌克兰危机,需要各方都做出一定让步。第一,美国、俄罗斯、欧盟和乌克兰可签署一个关于乌克兰中立化的四方协定,乌克兰不再加入北约,消除俄罗斯的疑虑。第二,东部乌克兰人实现有限自治,不修宪不成立共和国,由此去除乌克兰的担忧。

另外,还有俄罗斯在叙利亚的军事行动也让自己付出了不小的代价。这是苏联解体后俄罗斯首次在独联体以外用兵。此举虽然使俄罗斯避免失去在独联体地区以外的最后一个海外军事基地,显示了俄罗斯是影响中东安全与政治形势的不容忽视的力量,但也冲击了其军备更新计划。由于经费紧张,俄罗斯在第五代战机研制的全球竞争中明显落后,大型水面舰只更新缓慢,在航空电子系统和军事通信领域的落后成了军技研发投入不足的典型表现。俄罗斯需要协助叙利亚各派实现和解,尽早从叙利亚脱身。

正如普京所说,俄罗斯2017年的经济形势正在好转,GDP总值将出现大约1%的正增长,各项反危机措施逐步发挥作用,多个部门正在加紧拟定为下一个总统任期准备的经济改革和发展战略。这给俄罗斯朝野带来希望,俄罗斯将在再发展道路上继续前行。(作者是中国社会科学院俄罗斯东欧中亚研究所研究员)

责任编辑:陈倩 CN030
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