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快递企业相继涨价,需警惕“默契合谋”

2017-10-12 14:13:18   澎湃

原标题:快递企业相继涨价,需警惕“默契合谋”

作者:盘和林

继中通之后,韵达快递也跟进涨价:10月11日,韵达快递宣布,从即日起,对快件价格进行调整。两家公司均未宣布涨价幅度。

由于眼下正是“双11”购物节的备战期,中通和韵达的涨价消息引发市场关注。有分析认为,考虑到“通达系”快递公司的密切关系,不排除另外几家快递公司跟进涨价的可能性。

当然,快递业的涨价成本将最终转嫁到消费者身上。问题在于,快递业的涨价是否具合理?集体涨价是否涉嫌违法?

韵达快递跟进涨价:称受人力、物料以及运营成本攀升等影响

实事求是地说,中通和韵达给出的涨价理由倒也在情理之中,近年来人力、物料以及运营成本攀升是不争的事实,而快递费却多年“涛声依旧”。有统计数据显示,2014年快递业件均收入是14.65元/件,2013年是15.69元/件,2012年是18.6元/件,而早在2005年,这个数字是27.7元/件。有业内人士称,中国快递或进入五毛时代(即每一件的利润),又或者连五毛都赚不到了。

但有人担心,快递业集体涨价是不是一种“合谋”呢?价格合谋是有损社会福利的,一方面损害消费者利益,另一方面垄断导致行业竞争力下降,因此,价格合谋一直是反垄断关注的重点。

虽然快递市场总体来说属于一个竞争市场,但随着规模化、资本运作加快,我国快递企业呈现集中化的趋势,并出现了少数几家公司相对垄断市场的特征。特别是“通达系”快递公司关系密切,行业中的龙头企业通过某种“合谋”机制来操纵价格,行业内份额较小的企业“搭便车”,这种可能性并不能完全排除。

一般来说,涨价行为是否违反《反垄断法》相关规定,判断标准有三:首先,是否制定了比竞争性市场更高(过低也构成价格操纵)的价格,即涨价的合理性,是否通过损害消费者利益,将非法利润据为己有。而如果是合理的利润及成本分摊,应被视为正常的市场行为。其次,是否有合谋协议或机制,此前被处罚的多以行业协会的名义形成卡特尔联盟(通常为价格或产量合谋)。此类行为有一定的隐秘性。第三,是否对背离“合谋”的企业实施惩罚。

不过,现在市场上的“价格合谋”通常不会愚蠢到形成合谋协议,一种被称为“默契合谋”的情况更为盛行,即合谋企业并不需要通过明确的协议条文规定限额,只要“理解”某些合谋的信号即可。例如,A龙头企业通过释放一系列涨价信号,包括对外宣布成本上涨等,与其他企业达成默契后实施涨价,B企业随即心照不宣地跟进涨价。

至于这种“默契合谋”是否达到法律干预的程度,要具体来看涨价行为及幅度的合理性。如果尚在市场竞争许可范围内,监管部门可以持宽容态度,不予干预。否则就要启动反垄断措施,以保护消费者合法权益。

从公开的信息看,目前宣布涨价的中通、韵达,尚未对外公布涨价幅度,其他快递公司下一步的行动也不明确,因此尚无法判断是否存在违法行为。不过监管部门需要密切关注,做好监控和引导,防止“默契合谋”式涨价成为现实。

责任编辑:陈倩 CN030
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