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结余3万多亿仍收不抵支 养老金缺口到底有多大

2015-11-19 16:17:05   京华时报

近日出版的《党的十八届五中全会建议学习辅导百问》披露,2014年,企业职工基本养老保险基金扣除财政补贴后,有22个省份当期收不抵支。媒体调查也发现,在一些欠发达地区,动用失业保险金、工伤保险基金等有结余的基金发放养老金已是公开的秘密,地方官员自叹,这样周转资金有“掉乌纱帽”的风险。

22个省份养老金吃紧,与全国养老金收支账目形成了鲜明对比。财政部《关于2014年全国社会保险基金决算的说明》显示,2014年全国企业职工基本养老保险基金收入23273亿元,支出19797亿元,全年收支结余3476亿元,加上往年滚存,养老金结余高达30376亿元。全国养老金能“保持正常运行”。人社部早先公布的数据与此基本一致。

全国账面有结余,地方账面已有缺口,这表明全国养老金没有得到统筹使用,资金效率偏低。这也就是在部署养老金明年入市之后,十八届五中全会提出“养老金实现全国统筹”目标的原因所在。如果养老金实现全国统筹,就可以提高资金使用效率,改变收益率偏低的状况,“损有余而补不足”,通过合理调剂缓解养老金局部紧张的问题。

但与养老金局部吃紧同样现实的是,实现养老金全国统筹并非易事。一方面,尽管养老支出在不少欠发达地区已然成了包袱,但作为平衡财政、周转资金的重要来源,地方不愿放手管理权,过去将养老金统筹到省级的做法效果不彰,就是证明。另一方面,养老金本质上属于个人财产,“损有余而补不足”,意味着让养老金富裕地区的个人和企业填补缺口。从保护个人财产权的角度出发,显然不宜套用“全国一盘棋”式的思路。

要解开养老金贫富不均的复杂绳结,实现全国统筹,需要在现有的养老金入市、渐进式延迟退休等基础上,进一步优化制度。其一,中央财政加大对养老金缺口较大地区的支持力度。公共财政不同于个人财产,讲“全国一盘棋”不存在障碍。《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划的建议》提出,“逐步提高国有资本收益上缴公共财政比例,划转部分国有资本充实社保基金”,即是此意。

其二,调拨养老金富裕地区的资金填补缺口,应当在财税政策上适当优惠,打通“损有余而补不足”的通道,让养老金富裕地区和贫困地区的缴费者,都能保持相对稳定的养老预期,配合全国统筹。

其三,将结合在一起的社会统筹账户与个人账户剥离开来。社会统筹账户交由政府兜底,个人账户交由市场,让个人账户不再空转,这样既可减轻财政压力,还能满足多样化养老需求。

养老金因地方贫富差异而多寡不均,不是中国独有,在发达国家也是常态。地区差异、贫富差距难在短期内改变,但养老差异完全可以通过制度改进做到适度平衡。这是实现“老吾老以及人之老”,必须迈出的一步。

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