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大陆官媒评奥巴马访越:他无法将越南变成菲律宾

2016-05-23 07:30:39   

社评:奥巴马无法将越南变成菲律宾

美国总统奥巴马23日起访问越南。越美关系被当作南海局势中的一个敏感、不确定的动向而受到诸多关注,它能走多远众说纷纭。

这是奥巴马一次姗姗来迟的访问,去年是越南战争结束40周年,也是越美建交20周年。奥巴马今年才来,既说明越南对美国来说“不是最重要的”,“可以往后放的”,也说明它的重要程度要求奥巴马“卸任前必须来一趟”。奥在越南一共待3天,不算短了,预计他会与河内领导人谈TPP,恐怕也不会不谈南海。越南希望美国完全取消对越武器禁运,但这点肯定做不到。此外美国舆论希望奥巴马向河内提人权。

南海问题在把美国和越南拉近,但意识形态又不断把两国推远,TPP有助于美国“改造越南”,越南则对“和平演变”保持高度警惕,这可以说是越美关系充满矛盾的整体面貌。

越南希望美国的力量来南海制衡中国,成为它同中国就领土问题博弈的筹码,还想通过加强对美关系发展本国经济。对美国来说,如果越南能像菲律宾、新加坡那样靠近它,它得以像使用菲、新两国的基地使用越南基地的话,它的“亚太再平衡”就将形成新态势。

但双方的顾虑又是不可克服的。美国对越南人权的看法,与它对中国的看法差不多。华盛顿手里有一个100多人的名单,认为他们都是被越南“非法囚禁”的政治异见人士。美国社会对越南共产党政权有极深偏见,尤其是有一大批当年越战后期跑去美国的越裔,他们对颠覆越南现政权比对南海问题的兴趣大得多。

越南的互联网技术远远落后于中国,越南社会自然接受了脸谱等西方社交新媒体。河内深知对历史上曾长期受西方殖民的这个国家来说,全球化意味着什么样的挑战。越共开放了一定程度的党内选举,但同时非常重视党对知识分子阶层的领导。越南的政治异见人士群体不像中国的刘晓波、浦志强等那些人那样突出,迄今激烈的公共舆论事件也不多,官方对基层社会的影响和把控在多数情况下是一丝不苟的。

河内不可能做菲律宾那样的美国盟友。它的对美心态一直患得患失,左顾右盼,防范心极重。越美关系也因此不可能作为越南绝对优先的国家目标来追求。

中国是越南在南海声索领土主权的主要对手,但中国同时被河内主流精英看成越南国家稳定的政治支柱。越南的变革几乎是中国改革开放的翻版,越共重视同中共的关系,双方都认为发展两党关系对两国关系有特殊意义。河内清楚,尽管越共推行了一些政治改革,但这对西方的要求来说是远远不够的。越南的规模太小了,成为不了意识形态的独立单元。越共的执政合法性有相当一部分取决于社会主义中国的长期稳定和繁荣。

应当说越南无心同中国在战略上作对,南海的分歧几乎是两国关系的全部障碍。两国已经划定了陆地边界,北部湾划界也已完成。越南同时声索西沙和南沙主权,但西沙早被中国完全控制,它的声索毫无实际意义,在西沙闹事更多是对争取在南沙所占岛礁合法化的策应。此外越南目前对南海的油气开采都是在九段线之外进行的。两国的争议战线不算长,但强度高。

越南将同时重视发展同中国和美国的关系,南海紧张时,它会往华盛顿靠。南海平静且其国内政治压力上升时,它会往北京靠。越南人经常向中国人强调他们“不是菲律宾”,希望中国人别搞混了。

越南的确不是菲律宾,这点北京、华盛顿都清楚。亚太大国现在都重视越南,河内既有些受宠若惊,又很纠结。它希望实现自己利益的最大化,但也知道自己必须做得小心翼翼。

责任编辑:李东舰 CN031
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