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国防部:美军B-52闯南海系严重军事挑衅

2015-12-21 08:39:06   环球网

(原标题:美军B52带着野心全球奔袭闯南海系严重军事挑衅)

环球军事报道中国国防部19日就美军B-52战略轰炸机擅自进入中国南沙群岛有关岛礁邻近空域回应称,该行为严重危及中方岛礁驻守人员及设施安全,危害地区和平稳定,是一种严重的军事挑衅行为。五角大楼解释称,B-52这次行为可能是由于“例行巡逻”中出现迷航。但若详细分析美军B-52的全球巡逻路线,就可看出所谓“例行巡逻”给全球多个地区局势带来的动荡和不安。

轮流起飞,循环警戒

尽管B-52战略轰炸机名义上仍承担着美军核打击任务,但大部分机群实际已不具备核攻击能力,它们更多是执行五角大楼全球打击意志的工具。据美国《空军》杂志介绍,现由全球打击司令部统管的美国空军战略轰炸机联队虽驻扎在国内基地,但都有各自的海外部署基地,各联队所辖3-4个中队每天分别担负飞行准备、飞行、地面警戒和休整任务,构成完整的四阶段“循环警戒”体系,能对全球突发事态做出快速响应。以B-52机群为例,现有76架轰炸机主要部署在巴克斯戴尔(路易斯安那州)和迈诺特(北达科他州)两大基地。依据所谓“持久存在”计划,B-52轰炸机中队每年必须有4个月到海外基地换防的计划。

根据轮驻计划,执行“循环警戒”飞行任务的B-52通常有12架,它们分为六个双机编队,轮流起飞巡逻,24小时不间断地在空中飞行。在执勤中队内,各机组轮番上阵,地面待命四天后执行空中警戒飞行一天,落地后休息两天,周而复始。出发时,两架B-52轰炸机起飞间隔为一分钟,升空后组成前后相距约3.2公里的编队奔赴任务区。

现役的B-52已经过多轮现代化改造,这让五角大楼所谓巡航飞行时出现“迷航”的说法备受质疑。事实上,即便在受极地磁场影响的北极地区,B-52也能“自正方向”。据退役的美军飞行员在美国电视节目中披露,尽管极地磁场会让B-52轰炸机的机载电罗经导航系统变得不可靠,但导航员还掌握着“格网导航法”,每20分钟在专用导航图上进行标示,确保B-52不会误入俄罗斯的北极领空。

B-52有三大主要海外航线

就B-52时常参与的巡航任务而言,当前常用的海外线路大致分为东、西和北极等三大航线。其中,B-52从阿拉斯加州埃尔门多夫基地出发,飞经格陵兰北部的图勒空军基地后即进入北极冰盖区,飞行术语称为“出岸”。从这里再向北约640公里,编队将到达北纬89度的折转点,在那里向南再飞行约1600公里就可到达北美大陆,术语叫“入岸”。这段航程主要是针对俄罗斯的“威慑巡航”,对提高美国在北极地区的发言权大有帮助。

而东部航线主要是配合美国在欧洲、北非和中近东的战略布势。近年来,B-52轰炸机从本土基地起飞穿越大西洋,轮驻英国费尔福德、米尔登霍,卡塔尔的乌代德以及印度洋上的迭戈加西亚岛等空军基地,参与空袭极端组织“伊斯兰国”、波罗的海巡航警戒等任务,表现颇为抢眼。

至于B-52的西部航线,随着美国“亚太再平衡”战略的进一步贯彻,其热络程度逐渐受人关注。以2010年朝韩延坪岛炮战为契机,B-52机群由本土前出轮驻到关岛,由此向西奔赴朝鲜半岛,再折向东海以及南海执行“威慑巡航”的次数急剧增加。美国空军官方网站2014年的统计显示,部署在这里的6架B-52轰炸机仅一个月内就完成50架次巡航任务,累计飞行时间超过400小时,其活动频率可见一斑。

不过B-52机群在亚太地区的巡航活动,目前依托的基地数量相对偏少,反映出美军尚未完全恢复其在冷战时期形成的绵密海外基地网。据美国“全球安全”网站披露,关岛安德森空军基地并非理想的轰炸机大本营,那里位于台风带,岛上设施易受台风破坏。未来美国可能会寻求在日本冲绳嘉手纳、菲律宾克拉克、泰国乌塔保等基地轮驻轰炸机或获得“临时起降权”。这些地方均曾在冷战期间部署过B-52。

各种演习也强调远程奔袭

除了常规的巡逻任务外,B-52机群在美军演习中也时常演练洲际奔袭任务。例如2007年1月,第23远征轰炸机中队的B-52黎明前从迈诺特空军基地起飞,远赴关岛以北地区进行空中加油,然后在周边靶场演练布撒水雷,“此项对海演习验证了美军轰炸机部署于亚太的重要性”。

而在2014年美国南方司令部举行的演习中,B-52则罕见地南下巴拿马。美国空军官方网站透露,B-52从南达科他州埃尔斯沃斯基地出发前往巴拿马运河执行侦察任务,然后返回巴克斯戴尔基地,全程耗时15.5小时,演习目的是“确保至关重要的巴拿马运河安全”。

责任编辑:翟明 CN040
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