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美联储加息 料继续小幅渐进

2017-12-16 11:22:42   中国经济网

美国联邦储备委员会13日宣布今年第三次加息,符合市场普遍预期,同时预计明后两年仍将保持小幅渐进的加息节奏。美国专家认为,这意味着美元汇率上涨空间将受到限制,美联储加息对中国经济增长和资本流动的影响不大。

?预计明年加息三次

美联储当天结束货币政策例会后发表声明说,11月份以来的信息显示美国经济保持稳健增长,就业市场继续强劲,失业率进一步下降;家庭消费保持温和增长,企业固定资产投资近几个季度有所回升。但今年以来美国整体通胀率出现下滑,仍低于美联储2%的目标。

美联储当天发布的季度经济预测显示,今明两年美国经济预计分别增长2.5%,高于9月份预测的2.4%和2.1%;但到2019年和2020年,美国经济增长将分别回落至2.1%和2%,略高于此前预测的2%和1.8%。美联储预计美国经济的潜在增长率仍为1.8%。

美联储预计美国失业率将继续下降,到今年底失业率将降至4.1%,到2018年底和2019年底将稳定在3.9%的超低水平;到2020年底将回升至4%,但仍低于4.6%的长期正常水平。

美联储对美国通胀前景的预测保持不变,预计今年底核心通胀率为1.5%,到2018年底升至1.9%,到2019年底和2020年底将稳定在2%的目标。对此耶伦表示,当前美国就业市场并不存在过热风险,美国需要就业市场强劲增长更长一段时间才能实现2%的通胀目标。

美联储当天发布的加息预测显示,美联储预计2018年将加息三次、2019年和2020年分别加息两次,与9月份的预测基本一致。这意味着目前美联储并不打算加快加息节奏。

?大幅加息可能性不大

然而,现任美联储理事鲍威尔将于明年2月接替耶伦成为下一届美联储主席,鲍威尔上任后会继续遵守这一加息路线图吗?国际金融业协会首席经济学家罗宾·布鲁克斯告诉记者,鲍威尔与耶伦的货币政策立场比较接近,但与经济学背景出身的耶伦相比,鲍威尔会更看重实际经济数据,而非倚重经济模型来评估通胀走势和加息节奏。

鉴于目前美国通胀数据疲软,布鲁克斯预计鲍威尔上任后会推动美联储内部就失业率与通胀的关系展开更多讨论,实际政策立场会比耶伦更加“鸽派”一些。他预计明年美联储将加息两次,与当前市场预期基本一致。美国智库彼得森国际经济研究所所长亚当·波森也认为,鲍威尔领导的美联储可能不会大幅加息,以免对冲特朗普政府刺激经济复苏的效果。

布鲁克斯强调,避免美元汇率过度升值是美联储采取小幅渐进加息的重要原因。他指出,由于欧洲央行和日本央行持续执行量化宽松政策,2014至2015年美元汇率曾一度大幅升值约20%,美联储明白释放“鹰派”的加息政策信号会令美元面临更大的升值压力。

今年美联储已三度加息,并启动缩减资产负债表计划,但由于市场对此有稳定预期,美联储整体政策基调较为温和,今年美元汇率总体走低,衡量美元对一篮子货币汇率的美元指数累计贬值约9%。

?中国经济增长仍然看好

鉴于明年美联储实际加息节奏很可能会低于一些华尔街投行预期的4次,波森预计明年美元汇率进一步回落的可能性更大,中国面临的资本外流压力将减缓,美联储加息对中国经济的影响可控。他建议中国货币政策优先考虑维护国内金融稳定,同时增强人民币汇率的灵活性。

国际货币基金组织亚太部助理主任、中国事务主管詹姆斯·丹尼尔也表示,美联储加息政策已被市场大部分提前消化,去年以来中国资本外流压力明显减小,同时外汇储备非常充足,预计美联储加息不会对中国经济产生重要影响。

国际金融业协会的数据显示,今年第三季度中国资本流入状况出现明显改善,约有120亿美元海外资金流入中国在岸人民币债券市场,40亿美元海外资金通过“沪港通”项目流入内地证券市场,表明国际投资者对人民币资产的兴趣依旧浓厚。

该协会全球资本市场部高级主任索尼娅·吉布斯表示,从长期投资的角度看,国际投资者仍然看好中国市场和中国经济增长,明年美联储继续渐进加息和美元汇率大体平稳也将为中国经济增长提供相对稳定的外部环境。(据新华社华盛顿12月13日电)

(责任编辑:马欣)

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