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存贷比“退居二线”逾两年 银行揽储依旧年关难过

2017-12-12 07:36:19   中国经济网

围绕“银行口子与贴息揽储”的故事似乎永远都讲不完。

《证券日报》记者注意到,即便存贷比已非监管“警戒线”,但贴息揽储如今依旧活跃。“吉林某银行寻找能够停留7天的冲量资金,额度大,靠谱资金联系”,有资金掮客在某冲时点揽储社交平台直白的表示;更有掮客宣称自己手中掌握了“四+九银行”(四大行以及九家股份制银行)的口子,寻找真实资金对接。

然而,此前被曝光的多起存款丢失纷争则显示,看似热闹的“资金叫买叫卖”之外,风险也将如影随形。

存贷比监管变监测

监管政策的改变始于2015年。

银监会于2015年9月22日披露《中国银监会令》,自当年10月1日起施行修改后的《商业银行流动性风险管理办法(试行)》(下称《管理办法》),至今已逾两年。

目前实施的《管理办法》删除了实施已有20年之久的75%存贷比监管指标。不过,在流动性风险监测章节中依旧规定,“银监会应当持续监测商业银行存贷比的变动情况,当商业银行出现存贷比指标波动较大、快速或持续单向变化等情况时,应当及时了解原因并分析其反映出的商业银行风险变化,必要时进行风险提示或要求商业银行采取相关措施”。

换句话说,存贷比监管由原本的“红色警戒”退居到二线,成为监管部门监测并分析了解的指标。

虽然存贷比指标已经由硬性要求变成了软性监测,但是监管部门对于商业银行存款动态变化的要求并未放开。在存贷比监管政策变化之前,银监会、财政部、央行等部门曾经联合发布《关于加强商业银行存款偏离度管理有关事项的通知》明确规定,商业银行应加强存款稳定性管理,约束月末存款“冲时点”,月末存款偏离度不得超过3%。该通知还强调,商业银行不得采取“非法返利吸存(通过返还现金或有价证券、赠送实物等不正当手段吸收存款)”或“通过第三方中介吸存(通过个人或机构等第三方资金中介吸收存款)”等手段违规吸收和虚假增加存款。

“存贷比监管虽然变为动态监测指标,但是在银行依靠息差的盈利结构没有变化的背景下,揽储的意义仍然不言而喻”,一位股份制银行西部地区分行有关人士曾对《证券日报》记者表示,“存贷比即便不再存在75%的监管上限,也不可能是无上限的,因此努力吸收存款还是必要的。”

从上市银行披露出来的数据来看,在存贷比放开初期,多数银行的存贷比越接近80%。不过,中报显示,今年中期上市银行的存贷比整体有所上升,有6家上市银行的存贷比超过了85%。

贴息揽储乱象犹存

确实,存贷比监管的“退居二线”显然并不意味着银行揽储压力的消除,多数银行在给分支机构设定的考核目标中,存款依旧是最重要的一项。于是,贴息揽储的故事依旧在月末、季末等时点上演。不过,由于资金供给较为充足,目前的利率价格呈现出买方市场的特征。

“现在‘四+九’银行都在报价”,掮客李女士(化名)近日对《证券日报》记者表示,“由于目前是12月份中上旬,资金价格并不高,每天的贴息大概是资金总额的万分之二(折合年化为7.3%)。”

而来自杭州的王先生(化名)自称手中掌握了1亿元的资金头寸,对于资金的开价是每天万分之2.5(折合年化为9.125%)。”

“虽然目前的资金价格并不算高,但是月底的局面就完全不一样了,目前12月末的资金口子价格还没有出来,但是已有银行给出了额度,开始预定资金”,李女士表示,“毕竟,12月底不仅意味着月末、季末,还意味着年末。”

李女士透露,部分银行对于年末冲时点已经颇有心得,“有些银行比较会操作,一天时间资金就可以出来,有些银行只能选择跨越节假日的较长时间资金”。

值得一提的是,由于近年来监管部门实施存款偏离度考核,冲时点揽储在非特殊时点,大多是以定存贴息的形式存在的。

“目前大中型银行一年期定存利率大多在1.5%-2%之间,我们开出的定存贴息4.8%的年化利率应该还是合理的”,手中掌握了某城商行日均资金口子的刘先生(化名)表示,“资金在重要时点前可以随时出来,不会耽误冲量。”

此外,不同类型银行的冲量价格也存在明显差异:所谓“四加九”的银行价格略低,城商行较上述银行略高,而村镇银行和农信社的冲量资金价格最高,此类银行中有部分银行被中介列为所谓的“高危银行”。对于资金掮客来说,“高危地区和高危银行”的口子原则上是不操作的。不过,即便不是“高危地区和高危银行”,资金的安全性也并没有保障。

“其实,这种贴息存款并没有绝对的安全。目前的大资金都要求银行将所有的贴息一次性给付,但是资金方并非是稳赚不赔的,此前多家银行被曝出存取失踪的情况,其中相当对的情况就是‘你赚我贴息,我赚你本金’;而贴息方也要承担一定的风险,因为银主的资金需要在账面上趴满约定的时间,贴息方的年化资金成本最低,但是如果银主坚持要求提前取走存款,则贴息方只能根据合同中对于违约责任的约定索赔,但由于贴息定存本就处于灰色地带,其举证也比较困难,索赔的时间跨度和成本可能将是巨大的”,资深律师对《证券日报》记者表示。

还有一种情况是“真口子遇上假资金”。也就是银行或其工作人员支付了动辄数十万元乃至数百万元的定金后,资金方并不能真正实现资金入账,银行自然是“赔了利息又陪时间”,在期限内完成考核任务的难度进一步加大。

(责任编辑:马欣)

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