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债市重心继续下移概率较大

2017-10-17 09:22:54   

长端利率仍将走高

10月16日,国债期货低开低走,收盘大幅下挫。10年期债主力T1712跌0.36%,创8月8日以来新低。5年期债主力TF1712跌0.25%,创5月23日以来新低。银行间现券收益率大幅上行4—5bp,成交量较上日明显放大。10年国开活跃券170215收益率上行4.24bp报4.2975%,早盘最高报4.3%。10年国债活跃券170018收益率上行3.26bp报3.7050%,早盘最高报3.71%,创2015年4月以来新高。

“十一”长假后,市场出现了快速下跌行情。虽然在节前央行出台定向降准政策,近期又加码续作了MLF操作,但市场悲观情绪并无好转。9月CPI数据低于预期,也无助债市企稳,市场之弱可见一斑。细究原因,前期已有分析,未来一段时间国内面临财政存款季节性上缴、银行缴准和企业缴税等流动性冲击,国外面临美联储加息、缩表压力,市场流动性预期较为悲观。除非央行出台宽松货币政策,否则债市重心仍将振荡回落。

央行加码续作MLF,难改流动性偏紧格局。9月13日,央行开展4980亿元1年期MLF操作,利率维持3.20%。10月共有4395亿元MLF到期,10月MLF净投放585亿元。虽然10月以来季末效应消退,短期资金压力显著缓解,但10月是财政缴税大月,下半月仍面临资金趋紧压力。央行通过MLF超额投放以提前应对。央行货币政策并未转向,基调依然是控总量调结构,公开市场操作削峰填谷仍是常态。此次MLF操作延长操作期限,增加了市场短期资金成本,对市场利空甚于利多。

CPI低于预期,难阻长端利率上涨。国家统计局10月16日发布数据显示,2017年9月,全国居民消费价格同比上涨1.6%,连续8个月低于2%。9月CPI低于前值,主要受食品价格跌幅扩大影响。随着环保的跟进,CPI未来有望企稳。这也反映了市场总需求的不足。过去几年国内的货币相对宽松并未有效提振市场需求,故未来货币政策再次放松的概率较小。如果国内经济未有明显下行信号,利率下行概率不大。

内忧外患,市场面临多重流动性冲击。国内方面,未来面临财政存款季节性上缴与银行缴准和企业缴税。财政存款变化对流动性的影响是最主要的,因为这将对基础货币产生影响。历年来,10月的财政存款都是正的,这就相当于银行体系的流动性减少了。一般而言,10月的流动性总体是偏紧的。其次,是银行缴准和企业缴税,缴准对流动性冲击不大。

值得注意的是缴税,10月为季度后第一个月,选择季度缴税方式的企业要缴税。10月通常是传统的缴税高峰期,因此税收上缴远大于其他非季度首月的月份。但由于10月税期会到23号,预计央行将会进行对冲操作,减弱对资金面的冲击。

从国外方面看,随着美联储和欧洲央行逐渐开始实施货币紧缩政策,预计新兴市场将面临更大的压力。美联储已经暗示将致力于货币紧缩,欧洲央行在上个月开始讨论缩减开支。对此,克雷默表示,对新兴市场而言,资产流动性可能不会像之前那么宽裕了,时间会证明这点。标准普尔全球评级机构在上周五(10月13日)警告说,许多新兴市场经济体,尤其是土耳其和南非,没有充分利用全球流动性来处理它们的主权资产负债表。美联储加息、缩表对全球流动性的影响将在未来数年内得到体验,过去美联储紧缩周期对全球影响已数次证明,全球流动性不可避免受到波及。虽然我国在年初已开始逐步应对美联储加息政策影响,但预计未来一段时间长端利率仍将走高。

整体来看,定向降准与加码续作MLF是央行为维护市场基本流动性,而进行的削峰填谷则为正常操作。虽然这样会释放一定流动性,但仅为结构上的影响,对整体利率市场影响有限。国内资产价格泡沫抑制央行货币政策宽松空间,美联储持续加息、缩表将对我国流动性形成较大压力。未来一段时间,市场面临多重流动性冲击。虽然预计央行会出台一定措施维稳,但加大流动性的可能性微乎其微,后市难以乐观。整体来看,债市重心继续下移概率较大。

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